Figure 4.

Dose-response effects in the sleep-wake profile in rats receiving human-gut-derived live P. histicola Strain 4. After pooling the 3-day sleep-wake profile data collected during the bacteria administration period, we calculated changes in time from the baseline sleep-wake profile, depicting these in the graph: no administration group (n = 4), Dose 1 group (n = 5), Dose 2 group (n = 4). We derived p values (* indicates < 0.05 for pairwise comparisons) from the Kruskal−Wallis test. REM, rapid eye movement; NREM, non-rapid eye movement. (A) Total sleep time; (B) REM sleep time; (C) NREM sleep time.