Table 1.
Comparison of 24-h sleep–wake cycle profiles between rats not receiving bacteria (no administration group) and two animal groups (P. stercorea and P. histicola groups) receiving human-gut-derived live Prevotella bacteria.
| Sleep-Wake Profiles | No Administration Group | P. stercorea Group | P. histicola Group | p Value (1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Number of rats) | (n = 4) | (n = 5) | (n = 16) | |
| Vehicle administration baseline (2) | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 708.8 ± 23.3 | 729.4 ± 42.6 | 678.1 ± 38.8 | 0.067 |
| REM sleep time, min | 133.9 ± 6.3 | 127.8 ± 26.5 | 117.5 ± 14.4 | 0.079 |
| NREM sleep time, min | 574.8 ± 19.1 ab | 601.6 ± 20.6 a | 560.6 ± 34.9 b | 0.044 |
| Wake time, min | 671.6 ± 23.4 | 721.2 ± 123.7 | 702.1 ± 38.8 | 0.353 |
| Bacteria administration, Day 1 | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 712.5 ± 20.1 | 683.8 ± 33.3 | 690.4 ± 50.1 | 0.580 |
| REM sleep time, min | 141.7 ± 10.7 a | 109.8 ± 12.0 b | 124.8 ± 16.6 ab | 0.028 |
| NREM sleep time, min | 570.8 ± 21.6 | 574.1 ± 36.0 | 565.6 ± 40.0 | 0.774 |
| Wake time, min | 667.8 ± 20.2 | 696.3 ± 33.2 | 689.8 ± 50.0 | 0.580 |
| Bacteria administration, Day 4 | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 724.1 ± 36.9 | 723.3 ± 41.1 | 714.4 ± 54.6 * | 0.846 |
| REM sleep time, min | 134.1 ± 10.2 | 119.0 ± 20.3 | 129.7 ± 21.4 * | 0.453 |
| NREM sleep time, min | 590.0 ± 28.3 | 604.3 ± 53.4 | 584.7 ± 37.7 | 0.758 |
| Wake time, min | 656.3 ± 36.8 | 657.0 ± 41.1 | 665.9 ± 54.6 * | 0.846 |
| Bacteria administration, Day 7 | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 713.7 ± 25.1 | 694.6 ± 28.6 | 729.6 ± 39.2 ‡ | 0.167 |
| REM sleep time, min | 126.1 ± 3.2 | 112.3 ± 23.7 | 130.2 ± 20.7 * | 0.435 |
| NREM sleep time, min | 587.7 ± 23.3 | 582.3 ± 20.3 | 599.5 ± 27.4 † | 0.231 |
| Wake time, min | 666.6 ± 25.1 | 685.6 ± 28.6 | 650.6 ± 39.2 ‡ | 0.167 |
| Bacteria withdrawal, Day 1 | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 723.7 ± 27.5 | 713.9 ± 22.4 | 729.6 ± 39.2 † | 0.746 |
| REM sleep time, min | 135.8 ± 4.6 | 126.3 ± 27.5 | 125.6 ± 22.6 | 0.704 |
| NREM sleep time, min | 588.0 ± 27.3 | 587.6 ± 13.9 | 604.1 ± 41.6 † | 0.329 |
| Wake time, min | 656.5 ± 27.4 | 666.3 ± 22.4 | 650.6 ± 49.5 † | 0.746 |
| Bacteria withdrawal, Day 2 | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 704.2 ± 33.6 ab | 686.2 ± 19.2 b | 741.3 ± 38.8 ‡a | 0.007 |
| REM sleep time, min | 124.6 ± 8.1 | 116.1 ± 18.9 | 132.4 ± 30.2 † | 0.358 |
| NREM sleep time, min | 579.6 ± 30.3 ab | 570.1 ± 16.0 b | 608.9 ± 24.8 ‡a | 0.010 |
| Wake time, min | 676.1 ± 33.5 | 685.4 ± 12.3 | 644.3 ± 33.7 ‡ | 0.017 |
| Bacteria withdrawal, Day 3 | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 700.3 ± 42.7 | 704.0 ± 48.2 | 728.0 ± 50.8 † | 0.458 |
| REM sleep time, min | 129.0 ± 10.3 | 107.1 ± 28.2 | 123.5 ± 18.8 | 0.328 |
| NREM sleep time, min | 571.2 ± 38.1 | 596.9 ± 30.8 | 604.5 ± 39.3 ‡ | 0.210 |
| Wake time, min | 680.1 ± 42.7 | 676.2 ± 48.0 | 652.3 ± 50.9 † | 0.458 |
(1) p values were derived from the Kruskal–Wallis test to compare values among the three groups. Different letters indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05) for multiple comparisons between groups. (2) Vehicle (saline or culture medium) was administered for 2 days and the average of 2-day recordings was calculated. p values (symbols such as *, †, and ‡ indicate <0.05, <0.01, and <0.001, respectively) were derived from the Wilcoxon signed rank test for comparison with the baseline value. REM, rapid eye movement; NREM, non-rapid eye movement.