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. 2023 May 15;15(5):1503. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051503

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Sites of action of drugs used for the management of PD. (A) DA receptor—DA precursor and agonists act by stimulating DA receptor by increasing the level of DA, (B) Serotonin and norepinephrine—for treating depression in PD patients, serotonin reuptake inhibitors act by preventing the reuptake of serotonin at the receptor site, (C) Acetylcholine—Anticholinergics act as an antagonist at acetylcholine receptor, (D) Glutamate and adenosine—Adenosine antagonists act at this site by blocking the stimulation of adenosine receptor; this helps in treating motor symptoms. Image adapted from Bloem et al. [10] The Lancet, 2021. Created with Biorender.com (accessed on 20 February 2023).