Table 3.
Bridging studies of pneumococcal vaccination in adult patients with chronic medical conditions or immunocompromised states.
| Author (Year) [Ref] |
Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eriksson (2020) [50] |
74 adult kidney transplant recipients, mean age 52.4–55.9 years | PPSV23 before transplant | PCV13 before transplant, with repeat PCV13 6 months after | Similar immunogenicity and safety. Waning sero-response post-transplant restored with repeat PCV13 |
| Eriksson (2021) [51] |
47 adult liver transplant recipients, mean age 54.9–56.1 years | PPSV23 before transplant | PCV13 before transplant, with repeat PCV13 6 months after | Similar immunogenicity and safety. Waning sero-response post-transplant restored with repeat PCV13 |
| Kantso (2019) [52] |
82 Crohn’s disease patients with or without immunosuppressive therapy, mean age 44 ± 14 years | PPSV23 | PCV13 | Similar persistence of induced antibodies in both trial groups, with similarly reduced persistence when patients were on combination thiopurines and TNF-α antagonists |
| Hammit (2022) [53] (2023) [54] |
1131 at-risk adults * and 381 adults without risk factors 18–49 years of age | PCV15, then PPSV23 6 months later | PCV13, then PPSV23 6 months later | Similar immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability across risk factor groups |
| Mohapi (2022) [55] |
302 adults living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy, mean age 41.3–42.4 years (range 21–74 years) | PCV15, then PPSV23 8 weeks later | PCV13, then PPSV23 8 weeks later | Similar opsonophagocytic activity geometric mean titers for shared serotypes at day 30 and week 12 |
* Risk factors include one or more of the following: (1) Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2, receiving anti-diabetic medication; glycated hemoglobin < 10% at screening: (2) Chronic liver disease with compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class A) due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis B or C, or alcoholic liver disease, with at least one liver staging assessment; (3) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with ratio of forced expiratory flow in the 1st second divided by the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) <0.7, and FEV1 ≥30% predicted in the prior 5 years; (4) Mild or moderate persistent asthma with reversible airflow obstruction on spirometry and receipt of guideline-directed therapy for mild-to-moderate asthma; (5) Chronic heart disease due to heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction or non-cyanotic congenital heart disease, diagnosed in the prior 5 years and classified as New York Heart Association heart failure Class 1–3 with receipt of guideline-directed oral heart failure treatment; (6) Current smoker (≥100 cigarettes during lifetime) and not currently receiving smoking cessation therapy; (7) Alcoholism defined as an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) score of ≥5.