Table 1.
Nanoparticle-based radioconjugates for targeted imaging and therapy of prostate cancer.
| NPs | NPs Size |
Radionuclide | Ligand | Final Compound | Modality | Cell Type/Animal Models | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gadolinium vanadate NPs (GdVO4) |
∼150 nm | Copper-64 | Asp-Gly-Ala (DGEA) peptide |
64Cu-DOTA-GdVO 4 :4%Eu-DGEA |
PET/MR | prostate cancer PC-3 cells, athymic nude mice bearing PC-3 xenograft |
[46] |
| micellar NPs (LNP) |
12 nm | Copper-64 | single chain (scFv) | 64Cu-DOTA-scFv-LNP | PET | NOD/SCID mice bearing LNCaP xenograft | [42] |
| copper sulfide NPs (CuS) |
5 nm | Copper-64 | Bombesin (7–14) | Bom-PEG-[64Cu]CuS | PET | prostate cancer PC-3-KD1 cells Nu/Nu mice bearing PC-3-KD1 xenograft |
[45] |
| iron oxide NPs (IO) |
11 nm | Gallium-68 | glutamate-urea-lysine ligand | 68Ga-DOTA-IO-GUL | PET/MR | prostate cancer 2Rv1, LNCaP, and PC-3 cells BALB/c nude mice bearing 2Rv1 and PC-3 xenograft |
[47] |
| iron oxide NPs (mNP-S1/2) (mNP-N1/2) |
55–138 nm | Gallium-68 | glutamate-urea-lysine ligand Bombesin (7–14) |
68Ga-mNP-N1/2 68Ga-mNP-S1/2 |
PET/MRI | prostate cancer LNCaP and PC-3 cells | [48] |
| quantum dots (QDs) | ~12 nm | Fluorine-18 | RGD peptide Bombesin (7–14) |
18F-FP-QD-RGD-BBN | PET/NIFR | prostate cancer PC-3 cells BALB/c nu/nu nude mice bearing PC-3 xenograft |
[49] |
| melanin NPs (MNPs) |
13 nm | Iodine-124 | glutamate-urea-lysine ligand | 124I-MNPs-PEG-TL | PET | prostate cancer LNCaP and PC-3 cells athymic nude mice bearing LNCaP and 22RV1 xenograft |
[44] |
| polymer PEG NPs (PEG-(DFB)1) (PEG-(DFB)3) |
15 nm | Zirconium-89 | ACUPA |
89Zr-PEG-(DFB)3(ACUPA)1 89Zr-PEG-(DFB)1(ACUPA)3 |
PET | prostate cancer PC3 and PC3-Flu cells nu/nu athymic mice bearing PC3 and PC3-Flu xenograft |
[40] |
| micellar NPs (CCPM) |
~22 nm | Indium-111 | TNYL-RAW | 111In-TNYL-RAW-CCPM(Cy-7) | SPECT/NIRF | prostate cancer PC3-MM2 cells nude mice bearing PC3-MM2 xenograft |
[41] |
| poly(lactic acid)− polyethyene glycol NPs (PLA−PEG) |
~100 nm | Indium-111 | ACUPA |
111In-DOTA-RDye680RD-PEG-PLA-ACUPA RDye680RD-PEG-PLA-ACUPA |
SPECT/NIFR | prostate cancer PC-3 and PC-3 flu cells athymic mice bearing PC-3 and PC-3 flu dual xenograft |
[39] |
| gold NPs (AuNP) |
~20 nm | Technetium-99m | Bombesin (7–14) | 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-GGC-AuNP-Lys3-bombesin | SPECT | prostate cancer PC-3 cells nude mice bearing PC-3 xenograft |
[31] |
| quantum dots (QDs) gold NPs (AuNP) |
~6 nm 7 and 14 nm |
Technetium-99m | glutamate-urea-lysine ligand |
99mTh-DAP-HS-PEG (12)-AuNPs-HS-PEG-DAP-TF |
SPECT | prostate cancer LNCaP cells nude NMR mice bearing LNCaP xenograft |
[33] |
| gold NPs (DTDTPA-AuNP) |
113 nm | Gallium-67 | Bombesin (7–14) | 67Ga-DTDTPA-AuNP-BBN | SPECT | prostate cancer PC-3 cells athymic nude mice bearing PC3 xenograft |
[32] |
| liposomal NPs (LNP) | 107 nm | Actinium-225 | antibody J591aptamer (A10) |
225Ac-LNP-PEG-J591 225Ac-LNP-PEG-A10 |
therapy | prostate cancer LNCaP and Mat-Lu cells, endothelial HUVEC, BT474, and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells | [34] |
| liposomal NPs (LNP) | 107 nm | Actinium-225 | antibody J591 glutamate-urea-lysine ligand |
225Ac-LNP-PEG-anti PSMA mAb 225Ac-LNP-PEG-GUL |
therapy | endothelial HUVEC (PSMA+), HUVEC (PSMA-) and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells | [35] |
| zeolite NPs | ~120 nm | Radium-223 | antibody D2B | 223RaA-silane-PEG-D2B | therapy | prostate cancer LNCaP C4-2, DU145 and prostate normal RWPE-1, HPrEC cells BALB/c nude mice bearing LNCaP C4-2 xenograft |
[50,59] |
| curcumin-containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs (PLGA-CUR) |
76 nm | Iodine-131 | antibody J591 | 131I-PSMA-PLGA-CUR | theranostic SPECT/ chemotherapy/ radiotherapy |
prostate LNCaP C4-2, DU145 and PC-3 cells athymic nude mice bearing LNCaP C4-2 xenograft |
[38] |
| sorafenib-containing silica NPs (PSi) |
~10 nm | Indium-111 | iRGD peptide | 111In-PSi-Alexa488-DBCO-DOTA-iRGD | theranostic SPECT/ IF/ chemotherapy |
prostate cancer PC3-MM2 cells Hsd:NMRI-Foxnlnu/nu nude mice bearing PC3-MM2 xenograft |
[30] |
| micellar NPs (LNP) |
20 nm | Copper-64 | diabody (cys-DB) based on the J591 antibody |
64Cu-DOTA-cysDB-LNP Dox-DOTA-LNP |
theranostic PET/ chemotherapy |
NOD/SCID mice bearing LNCaP xenograft | [43] |
| texaphyrin NPs (texaphyrin) |
~100 nm | Indium-111 Lutetium-175 | glutamate-urea-lysine ligand | 111In/175Lu-texaphyrin-TL | theranostic SPECT/NIRF/ PDT therapy |
prostate cancer PC3 luc6 cells athymic nude mice bearing PC-3 or PC3 flu or PC3 luc6 xenograft |
[37] |
| doxorubicin-containing liposomal NPs modified with P3-liposomes) | ~180 nm | Technetium-99m | glutamate-urea-lysine ligand | 99mTc-P3-Liposomes | theranostic SPECT/ chemotherapy |
prostate cancer LNCaP and PC-3 cells | [36] |