Table 1.

Effects of red and blue light wavelength on macro- and micronutrient content level and secondary metabolites accumulation in horticultural crops grown in a controlled environment.

Light Wavelength	Crop Species	Content Level		References
Red light	Lactuca sativa L.	Nutrients	NO3− ↓	[97]
R/B not reported	Lactuca sativa L.		NO3− ↓	[100]
Red light	Brassica campestris L.		NO3− ↓	[101]
Blu light	Brassica campestris L.		NO3− ↓	[101]
R/B = 3:1	Lactuca sativa L.		N P K Mg ↑	[101]
R/B = 3:1	Ocimum basilicum L.		N P K Ca Mg Fe ↑	[103]
R/B = 4:1	Apium graveolens L.		Zn ↑	[17]
R/B = 7:1	Apium graveolens L.		Se ↑	[17]
FR/R/B = not reported	Lactuca sativa L.		K Ca Mg ↑	[103]
R/B = 1:3	Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.		P K Ca Mg S Mn ↑ Fe Zn Cu B	[107]
R/B = 1:3	Brassica napus L.		P K Ca Mg S Mn ↑ Fe Zn Cu B	[107]
R/B = 4:1	Brassica oleracea L.		Ca Mg P S B Cu ↑ Fe Mn Mo Zn	[107]
R/B = 1:1.5; 1:3	Triticum monococcum L.		N P Mg Fe Zn ↑	[109]
Blue light	Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Decne. and Naudin	Secondary metabolites and antioxidants	Anthocyanins ↑	[117]
Red light	Fragaria × ananassa Du-chesne ex Decne. and Naudin		Anthocyanins, ↑ proanthocyanidins	[117]
Red light	Coriandrum sativum L.		Antioxidant ↑ capacity	[118]
R/B = 1:1	Lactuca sativa L. green		Ascorbic acid ↓	[119]
R/B = 1:1	Lactuca sativa L. red		Ascorbic acid ↑	[119]
R/B = 9:1	Raphanus raphanistrum L.		Phenols ↑	[120]
R/B = 9:1	Ocimum basilicum L.		Phenols, ↑ antioxidant capacity	[120]
R/B = 9:1	Amaranthus tricolor L.		Phenols, ↑ antioxidant capacity	[120]
R/B = 9:1	Allium schoenoprasum L.		Phenols, ↑ antioxidant capacity	[120]
R/B = 9:1	Borago officinalis L.		Phenols, ↑ antioxidant capacity	[120]
R/B = 9:1	Pisum sativum L.		Phenols, ↑ antioxidant capacity	[120]
R/B = 1:3	Capsicum annuum L.		Anthocyanins ↑	[121]
Blue light	Dianthus caryophyllus L.		Antioxidant ↑ capacity	[122,123]
R/B = 1.6:1	Crocus sativus L.		Flavonoids, ↑ flavonols, antioxidant capacity	[124]
Red light	Amaranthus tricolor L.		Phenols ↓	[125]
Blue light	Amaranthus tricolor L.		Phenols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity ↑	[125]
Red light	Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg		Ascorbic acid ↑ antioxidant capacity ↓	[125]
Blue light	Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg		Phenols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity ↑	[125]

↓ = decrease; ↑ = increase.