Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between physical activity level, sunlight exposure, vitamin D intake, and perceived stress.
| Perceived Stress, OR (95% CI) | |||
| Low | Medium | High | |
| Physical activity level | |||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.68 (0.51, 0.91) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.08) |
| Model 1 * | 1 | 0.65 (0.47, 0.89) | 0.73 (0.53, 1.02) |
| Model 2 ** | 1 | 0.64 (0.46, 0.88) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.00) |
| Vitamin D intake | |||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) |
| Model 1 * | 1 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | 0.72 (0.56, 0.94) |
| Model 2 ** | 1 | 0.80 (0.63, 1.03) | 0.69 (0.53, 0.89) |
| Sun exposure | |||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.81 (0.63, 1.02) | 0.74 (0.55, 1.00) |
| Model 1 * | 1 | 0.76 (0.59, 0.99) | 0.73 (0.53, 1.01) |
| Model 2 ** | 1 | 0.76 (0.59, 0.98) | 0.72 (0.52, 0.99) |
* Multivariate model 1 was adjusted for BMI (normal, overweight, obese), sex, educational status (low, medium, high), smoking status (never, current, former), age (continuous, years), eating habits (skipping breakfast, daily snacking, skipping dinner, out of home eating), marital status (unmarried/widowed, married). ** Multivariate model 2 was further adjusted for adherence to the Mediterranean diet.