Figure 5.

Shape-memory magnetic polymer composites. (a) Magnetic shape-memory composite with Fe₃O₄ and NdFeB magnetic particles embedded in an amorphous acrylate-based polymer matrix (reproduced with permission from Advanced Materials, Wiley) [40]. (b) Metallo-supramolecular poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based network using catechol chemistry, with thermal/magnetic/light-responsive two-way shape-memory effects. Illustration of the thermal-based shape-memory behavior of the composite (reproduced with permission from Macromolecules, ACS) [41]. (c) Shape-memory composites made of epoxy mixed with 5 μm iron particles, reversibly tuned between the tilted and upright state under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation and magnetic field (MF) actuation (reproduced with permission from Advanced Functional Materials, Wiley) [42]. (d) Photothermally reconfigurable magnetic cilia made of iron particles with thermoplastic polyurethane. The array of cilia was sheared between two glass slides to create the bending deformation, followed by clamping the array of bent cilia between the slides and annealing at high temperature (80 °C or 180 °C depending on the polymers used as matrix). After cooling and removing the mechanical constraints, the new permanent shape was set and persists after manipulating the cilia with a magnet (shown in the Figure). The same effect was also observed when combining a magnet with illumination to set a temporary shape of cilia and then illuminating without the magnet to recover the permanent shape (not shown in the Figure). (reproduced with permission from Advanced Materials Technologies, Wiley) [43]. (e) Bone tissue scaffolds made of magnetic shape-memory polymer composites, processed by 3D printing technology (reproduced with permission from Composites Science and Technology, ScienceDirect) [44]. (f) Shape-memory polymers based on carboxylic styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR)/ferriferrous oxide (Fe₃O₄)/zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) (reproduced with permission from Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., ACS) [45].