Table 2.

Self-healing magnetic polymer composites, mechanism, composition performance, and applications.

Self-Healing Mechanism	Matrix	Filler	Input	Output	Application	Ref.
Via direct mixing
Disulfide bonds	Polymerized alpha lipoic acid (ALA)	NdFeB	Magnetic Field	Actuation	Soft robotics	[17]
(Metal) ion bond	Functionalized PEG hydrogel with pyrogallols	Fe/Ca/Zn	Autonomous/close distance	Fast self-healing adhesive	Biocompatible wound sealant	[18]
Intermolecular diffusion	Ethylene glycol	Fe3O4	Heat or magnetic field	Phase transformation self-healing	Cell engineering	[19]
Diels–Alder	Polyethertriamine Jeffamine	Fe3O4	Magnetic field and heat	Closure of large gaps	Soft robotics	[21]
Dipole-interaction	Dowsil CY52-276 gel	NdFeB and CIP	Autonomous/residual magnetization	Instantaneous self-healing regardless of cycles	Bioengineering and soft robotics	[20]
Covalent bonds	Chitosan	Fe3O4	Magnetic field	Actuation while shape shifting	Biocompatible injectable	[22]
Schiff base	Chitosan/alginate hydrogel and gelatin	Fe3O4	Magnetic field	Self-healing under physiological conditions	Drug delivery	[23]
Metal ligand complex	Dopamine-functionalized polyurethane	Fe3O4 with MoS2	Heat and shape-memory	EMI shielding	Stretchable electronics	[24]
Ionic bond (disulfide, hydrogen, iron–carboxylate)	Thioctic acid	Fe3O4	Autonomous	100% healing efficiency	Shape construction	[27]
Hydrogen bond	Carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar	CoFe2O4	Magnetic field	100% healing efficiency and actuation	Soft robotics	[25]
Boric acid ester and hydrogen bonds	Polypyrrole PPy	ZnFe2O4 and MWCNT	Autonomous	Self-healing	Electronic skins and drug delivery	[26]
Via surface engineering
Hydrogen bonds	NVP-DVB	Fe3O4	Magnetic field	Self-healing and weight bearing	Soft robotics	[28]
Via additive manufacturing
Schiff base	Polysaccharides	Fe3O4	Magnetic field	Printed structure alteration	3D tissue engineering	[29]
Via self-assembly
Metal–ligand complex	Polyurethane	Fe3O4	Autonomous	Fast and efficient self-healing during actuation	Smart biomimetic devices	[30]