Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Total number of patients | 50 |
| Age (years) | 75.1 ± 9.5 |
| Sex: male, female | 28, 22 |
| Basic disease | n (%) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 13 (26%) |
| Valvular disease | 22 (44%) |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 13 (26%) |
| Other | 2 (4%) |
| Classification of heart failure | n (%) |
| HFrEF | 6 (12%) |
| HFmrEF | 5 (10%) |
| HFpEF | 33 (66%) |
| HFpEF improved | 6 (12%) |
| Risk factors | n (%) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 18 (36%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 41 (82%) |
| Hyperuricemia | 25 (50%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 17 (34%) |
| Obesity | 9 (18%) |
| Medications | n (%) |
| Oral bisoprolol | |
| 1.25 mg | 10 (20%) |
| 2.5 mg | 27 (54%) |
| 5.0 mg | 13 (26%) |
| Calcium antagonist | 17 (34%) |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 18 (36%) |
| ACE inhibitor | 4 (8%) |
| Aldosterone blocker | 22 (44%) |
| α-blocker | 5 (10%) |
| Diuretics | 17 (34%) |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 18 (36%) |
| Statin | 42 (84%) |
| Ezetimibe | 12 (24%) |
| Xanthanide oxidase antagonist | 25 (50%) |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | n (%) |
| Bepridil | 4 (8%) |
| Disopyramide | 1 (2%) |
| Mexiletine | 10 (20%) |
| Pilsicanide | 4 (8%) |
| Verapamil | 2 (4%) |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEFm, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.