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. 2023 May 22;15(5):1562. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051562

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of Ginkgo biloba on infarct volume and expression of proteins associated with antioxidant effects in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat models. (A) MCAO rats were treated with various GB doses for 72 h, followed by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and statistical analysis of the cerebral infarct area. The results revealed a significant reduction in infarct volume ratios after GB treatments in a dose-dependent manner. (B) Results of Western blot analysis and semi-quantitative measurements of the levels of HO-1, Nqo1, and SOD1 proteins in the ischemic penumbra region of MCAO rats treated with various doses of Ginkgo biloba for 24 h. Antioxidant-related proteins in the MCAO group drastically decreased after cerebral ischemic injury compared to the normal group, while rats treated with various concentrations of GB showed a marked increase in the expression of HO-1, Nqo1, and SOD1. Data represented as the mean ± SD from eight rats of each group. (# p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. the sham group; * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 vs. the I/R group). Adapted with permission from [119]. Copyright {2019} Science-HHS Public Access (PubMedCentral).