Table 2.
Summary of results of included studies. All results are taken from fully adjusted models. FFQ = food frequency questionnaire; US = ultrasound; FLI = Fatty Liver Index; HU = Hounslow Unit; CAP = Controlled Attenuation Parameter.
| ID | Dietary Assessment Tool | Nafld Diagnostic Tool (Nafld Criteria) | Odds Ratio (or) or Beta Coefficient (BC) | Effect Size (Relative RISK (RR)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. [24] | FFQ | US abdomen: (any two of: (a) increased echogenicity; (b) deep attenuation of signal; (c) vascular blurring) | Moderate: (OR 1.13 (1.03–1.25) (p = <0.01)) High: (OR 1.18 (1.07–1.30) (p = <0.01)) |
Moderate: (RR 1.03 (0.95–1.11)) High: (RR 1.11 (1.03–1.21)) |
| Odegaard et al. [34] | Semi-structured interview | CT abdomen: (liver attenuation < 40 HU) | Moderate: (OR 2.31 (1.34–3.98) (p = <0.01)) High: (OR 5.18 (2.87–9.37) (p = <0.01)) |
Moderate: (RR 1.03 (0.74–1.43)) High: (RR 1.75 (1.25–2.46)) |
| Yari et al. [36] | FFQ | Fibroscan: (CAP score > 263) | Moderate: (OR 0.92 (0.48–1.77)) High: (OR 2.27 (1.19-4.31) (p = <0.01)) |
Moderate: (RR 0.92 (0.58–1.45)) High: (RR 1.63 (1.11–2.41)) |
| Rahimi-Sakak et al. [37] | FFQ | Fibroscan: (CAP score > 263) | Moderate: (OR 1.72 (0.84–3.52)) High: (OR 3.42 (2.16-5.43) (p = <0.01)) |
Moderate: (RR 1.39 (0.90–2.14)) High: (RR 2.50 (1.70–3.67)) |
| Noureddin et al. [35] | FFQ | US abdomen: (standardised criteria) | Moderate: (OR 1.03 (0.02–1.16)) High: (OR 1.18 (1.05–1.32) (p = <0.01)) |
Moderate: (RR 1.08 (0.98–1.19)) High: (RR 1.21 (1.10–1.33)) |
| Ivancovsky-Wajcman et al. [25] | FFQ | US abdomen: (standardised criteria) | High: (OR 1.12 (0.78–1.59) (p = 0.55)) | High: (RR 1.71 (1.43–2.03)) |
| Friden et al. [27] | FFQ | MRI: (hepatic fat content > 5.5%) | High: (OR 1.32 (0.84–2.09) (p = 0.23)) | Moderate: (RR 0.68 (0.30–1.57)) High: (RR 1.30 (0.67–2.56)) |
| Zelber-Sagi et al. [38] | FFQ | US abdomen: (standardised criteria) | High: (OR 1.47 (1.04–2.09) (p = 0.031)) | High: (RR 1.47 (1.23–1.77)) |
| Konieczna et al. [26] | FFQ | FLI: (score > 60) | Moderate: (BC 2.01 (1.46–2.55) (p = <0.001)) High: (BC 3.73 (3.10-4.35) (p = <0.001)) |
Moderate: (RR 1.03 (0.99–1.07)) High: (RR 1.05 (1.02–1.09)) |