Table 5.

Natural polysaccharides as scaffolds for Dental and craniofacial tissues regeneration.

Natural Polysaccharide	Delivery System	Outcome	Ref
Carrageenan	Nano-HA/gum Arabic/k-carrageenan composite	Without cytotoxicity, osteoblast-like cells exhibit substantial osteogenic signals.	[88] 2020
Carrageenan	Ag/carrageenan/gelatin nanocomposite	The unique Ag/carrageenan-gelatin hydrogel’s antimicrobial, drug carriers, and antitumor capabilities	[89] 2021
54646N-carboxyethyl chitosan/ hyaluronic acid-aldehyde	N-carboxyethyl chitosan/hyaluronic acid-aldehyde loaded with nano hydroxyapatite	preserving alveolar ridge integrity and facilitating soft tissue healing process	[90] 2020
regenerated cellulose (rCL) nanofibers/chitosan (CS)	Regenerated cellulose (rCL) nano fibers chitosan (CS) hydrogel	The rCL/CS scaffold aided bio mineralization and increased the survival, adherence, and multiplication of preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1).	[91] 2021
Chitosan/hyaluronic acid	Chitosan/hyaluronic acid nano pearl composite	RUNX2, OCN, and OPN gene expression increases. The best results were achieved with 10 wt% and 25 wt% nano pearl.	[92] 2020
chitosan	Chitosan nanohydrogel/poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) loaded with nanotriclosan and flurbiprofen	The combination of anti-microbial and anti-inflammation properties resulted in a remarkable treatment outcome.	[93] 2019
Gelatin/Alginate	Gelatin-alginate-graphene oxide nano framework	Amplification of the transcription of osteoblast enhancing factors and ALP	[94] 2019
Carrageenan	Carrageenan/whitlockite nano composite hydrogel	Improved osteogenic development and ALP expression	[82] 2019
Carrageenan	Carrageenan/nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffold	Enhancement of osteogenic differentiation without the use of pharmacological drugs	[95] 2018
Chitosan	Chitosan gold nanoparticles mixed with peroxisome proliferator-activated ligand	Optimizing the outcome of implant placement in diabetic patients (bone development and mineralization)	[96] 2017
Alginate/chitosan	Alginate/chitosan loaded with nanohydroxylapatite	Increased hydroxyapatite levels stimulate MC3T3 cell development and calcification.	[97] 2015
Alginate	Alginate hydrogel mixed with bovine dental pulp extracellular matrix (pECM)	Accelerated differentiation in the mineralizing environment lead to mineralization at the hydrogel’s perimeter. HA hydrogels integrating PL enhanced cell functions and hDPSC mineralized matrix formation.	[98]
Hyaluronic acid hydrogel	Photo crosslinking of methacrylated HA incorporated with PL	Accelerated differentiation in the mineralizing environment lead to time-dependent mineral deposition at the hydrogel’s perimeter. HA hydrogels integrating PL enhanced cell functions and hDPSC mineralized matrix formation.	[99]
Chitosan	Ag-blended bioactive glass micro particles mixed with chitosan (Ag-BG/CS).	Ag-BG/CS enhanced the odontogenic differentiation capability of lipopolysaccharide-increased inflammatory reactivity in dental pulp cells and shown antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities	[100]