Table 2.

The BPC 157 muscle–brain perception (multimodal muscle axis action function, striated, heart, and smooth muscle, muscle injuries and disturbances, muscle weakness as part of peripheral and central effect) evidently departs from the original brain–gut axis’s perception explained with gut peptides related mostly to smooth muscle function. The BPC 157 muscle–brain perception was based on the evidenced effects of BPC 157 therapy, noted in the suited animal models that may very closely mimic human circumstances.

References	Effects
[50,150,151,152,153,154]	The described improved purposive movement rationale (via the motor cortex–spinal cord-appropriate muscles and vice versa) might conceptualize in the brain–muscle axis function, the healing and function recovery of the myotendinous junction (dissection), the muscle lesion (transection, contusion, and corticosteroid application), and the nerves (transection).
[68]	With counteracted muscle weakness, stroke was counteracted.
[146]	With counteracted muscle weakness, traumatic brain injury was counteracted.
[149]	With counteracted muscle weakness, cuprizone–induced multiple sclerosis-like brain lesions in rats were counteracted.
[147,148]	With counteracted muscle weakness, spinal cord compression lesions were counteracted.
[56,155,156,157]	With counteracted muscle weakness, severe electrolyte disturbances and brain lesions were counteracted.
[96,97,107]	In alcohol intoxication and serotonin syndrome, muscle disturbances were counteracted, along with the antagonization of the whole syndrome.
[158]	Counteraction of the succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular junction blockade.
[45]	Tumor-induced muscle cachexia (i.e., muscle degeneration, inflammation, catabolism, and deranged molecular pathways) was antagonized, and the survival rate increased.
[88,89,90,120]	Catalepsy, akinesia, and tremors with neuroleptic dopamine blockades, NO system blockades, applications of parkinsongenic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophyridine (MPTP), and vesicle depletion by reserpine applications were antagonized.
[51,52,53,54,56,57,67,80,81,82,83,84]	Counteraction of myocardial infarction and myocardial reinfarction, along with brain injury mitigation and severe vascular and multiorgan failure counteraction (activated azygos vein direct blood flow delivery).
[2,51,52,53,54,56,57,67,80,81,82,83,84,86,113,114]	Heart failure was counteracted (including arrhythmias and thrombosis counteracted), in addition to the therapeutic effects of BPC 157 on the various muscle disabilities of a multitude of peripheral and central causes.
[46,48,95,106, 162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172]	Recovery of the distinctive functions of sphincters (lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, pupil, urinary sphincter).
[40,174,175]	Intestine recovery after massive intestinal resection, as well-controlled adaptive processes adequately affecting the entire intestinal wall (villus height, crypt depth, and muscle thickness (inner (circular) muscular layer) all accordingly increased) achieved full intestinal anastomosis healing in particular. The counteraction of brain lesions that otherwise might occur regularly after massive bowel resection.
[60]	BPC 157 increased vasorelaxation in the aorta without the endothelium, while BPC 157 modulated the vasomotor tone of an isolated aorta in a concentration- and nitric oxide-dependent manner and induced NO generation, likely by activating the Src-Cav-1-eNOS pathway.