Table 3.

Brain injury concomitant pathology evidence is based on the noted beneficial effects of BPC 157 therapy, verified in the suited animal models. These models might highlight the effective simultaneous recoveries of the brain–gut and gut–brain axes’ parallel functioning by BPC 157 therapy recovering in both central and peripheral lesions at the same time.

References	Effects
[34,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44]	The counteraction of the noxious course following NSAIDs. These were non-specific NSAIDs, as well as specific NSAIDs. There were simultaneous counteractions of both central and peripheral injuries (brain, liver, and gastrointestinal tract lesions).
[41]	Counteracted leaky gut syndrome in the indomethacin-dosed rats and the recovery of all of the leaky-gut-syndrome-deranged molecular pathways.
[35]	Counteraction of the distinctive course of the stomach–liver–brain lesions after an overdose of insulin (hypoglycemic seizures eventually leading to death, which appeared 90 min after insulin, and severe damage of the neurons in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex). Prominent calcification in the liver’s blood vessels (both insulin pathways should be inhibited for the calcification) in a few hours of insulin periods was also markedly attenuated.
[51,52,53,54,56,57,67,80,81,82,83,84]	With occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes obtained with permanent major vessel occlusions, both peripherally and centrally, and the application of similar noxious procedures that all severely disabled endothelium functions, the harms of vascular failure to multiorgan failure, both peripherally and centrally, and the essential beneficial significances of the rapid activation of the collateral pathways were summarized. Therefore, there was a considerable extension of the simultaneous recoveries of the central and peripheral lesions (i.e., brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract). Simultaneous recoveries also included the simultaneous counteraction of intracranial hypertension (superior sagittal sinus), portal and caval hypertensions, aortal hypotension, ECG disturbances, progressing thrombosis in veins and arteries, peripherally, and hemorrhage in brain and internal organs.