Table 1.

Summary of fabricated nanoparticles containing molybdenum employed for AD in preclinical studies

Interventional agents	Species	Results	References
CeNP@MnMoS4	PC12 cells	This agent curtailed oxidative stress and stimulated neurite outgrowth, while hindering β-amyloid that had been instigated by Cu2+	[112]
MoS2	SH-SY5Y cells (human neuroblastoma cells)	The nanoparticle obstructed Ca2+ channel development and β-amyloid to minimize oxidative stress	[102]
Mo polyoxometalate complexes	PC12 cells	Both Cu2+ and Zn2+ were effective in instigating β-amyloid (Aβ40) accumulation, which was hindered following treatment with these agents	[113]
		Also, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and oxidative stress were impaired by Mo polyoxometalate complexes
MoS2/AuNR	SH-SY5Y cells (neuroblastoma)	This nanocomposite, beside disaggregating and hindering β-amyloid (Aβ42) fibrils, also alleviated ROS triggered by β-amyloid	[114]
MoS2	–	This agent regulated β-amyloid (Aβ33–42) by inhibiting its agglomeration	[115]
MoS2-CoDOTA	PC12 cells (rats)	The nanoparticle crossed the BBB to significantly hinder and degrade β-amyloid fibrillations, along with curtailing cytotoxicity instigated by β-amyloid	[116]
MoS2 QDs	–	The agent, as an immunosensor, discerned β-amyloid levels in a precise manner	[117]
FeOOH/Mo:BiVO4	Human tau441	Doped Mo ions and FeOOH integrated into BiVO4 photoelectrode augmented the photocurrent impulses of DAB to diagnose t-tau proteins	[118]

Mo, Molybdenum; DAB-3,3-Diaminobenzidine; MoS₂, Molybdenum disulfide; AuNR, gold nanorods; QDs, Quantum dots; PC12, pheochromocytoma cells; BiVO₄, Bismuth vanadate; FeOOH, Iron oxyhydroxide; CoDOTA, Cobalt 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; CeNP@MnMoS₄–; t-tau, total tau