Table 2.

Reported advantages, disadvantages, and costs of different patch materials when applied to RVOT reconstruction and pulmonary artery arterioplasty

Material	Advantages	Disadvantages	Cost*
Autograft
Autologous pericardium	–Non-antigenic –Potential for growth and remodeling –Limited calcification if not fixed with glutaraldehyde	–Limited Availability –Limited mechanical strength with possible risk of aneurysm formation if not fixed –Difficult to handle if not fixed –Calcification if fixed with glutaraldehyde	No cost
Allograft
Cryopreserved pericardium or pulmonary artery	–Improved availability over autografts	–Antigenicity –Calcification if fixed with glutaraldehyde –Difficult to handle if not fixed	~ $5,000
Decellularized allogeneic pulmonary artery patches (MatrACELL)	–Reduced antigenicity compared to homograft –Reduced calcification compared to homograft	–Long-term study limited	~ $5,000
Xenograft
Bovine Pericardium	–Availability –Easy to handle –Demonstrated potential for re-endothelialization (CardioCel™)	–Antigenicity –Necessity of pre-implant tissue fixation which increased risk of calcification	Cardiocel $1,400 (4 × 4 cm) $1,700 (5 × 8 cm) $2400 (RVOT)
Porcine small intestine submucosal extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM)	–Availability –Easy to handle	–Antigenicity despite rigorous processing –Not shown to act as a scaffold for native revascularization	$1,395 (2 ply 4 × 7 cm)
Synthetic
Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene	–Availability –Easy to handle –Mechanical stability	–Non-biodegradable –Chronic foreign body response to implant –No potential for native revascularization	$500–800
Tissue Engineered	–Non-antigenic –Preliminary findings of tissue remodeling –Possibility for growth and remodeling	–Limited availability	N/A

*Costs as listed per Nationwide Children’s Hospital Institutional Cost Center