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. 2023 Jan 10;17(3):676–688. doi: 10.1007/s12072-022-10472-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Unique immunological profile of monocytes in ACLF. RNA sequencing was performed on the monocytes of 3 healthy controls and 6 ACLF patients (including 3 patients in the ACLF death group and 3 in the ACLF survival group). A The 4239 ACLF monocytes on UMAP are further divided into 5 subpopulations, whose names are annotated on the left, and different colors are used to distinguish each cluster. B Dot plot curve showing the top 10 marker genes revealed by single-cell sequencing of ACLF monocyte subpopulations. C The number of up- and down-regulated genes per monocyte subpopulation when comparing gene expression changes between ACLF patients (n = 6) and healthy controls (n = 3). The number of genes with log-fold change (Fc) > 0.5 and adjusted P value < 0.05 in each subpopulation were as follows: 104 genes up-regulated and 101 down-regulated in NK-like Monocytes subpopulation; 124 genes up-regulated and 101 down-regulated in pro-like monocytes subpopulation; 109 genes up-regulated and 83 down-regulated in CD16 monocytes subpopulation; 113 genes up-regulated and 95 down-regulated in HLA monocytes subpopulation; 89 genes up-regulated and 101 down-regulated in megakaryocyte-like monocytes subpopulation. D The number of up- and down-regulated genes per monocyte subpopulation when comparing gene expression changes between ACLF death group (n = 3) and ACLF survival group (n = 3). The number of genes with log-fold change (Fc) > 0.5 and adjusted P value < 0.05 in each subpopulation were as follows: 94 genes up-regulated and 80 down-regulated in NK-like Monocytes subpopulation; 139 genes up-regulated and 158 down-regulated in Pro-like Monocytes subpopulation; 125 genes up-regulated and 109 down-regulated in CD16 Monocytes subpopulation; 54 genes up-regulated and 40 down-regulated in HLA Monocytes subpopulation; and 108 genes up-regulated and 97 down-regulated in megakaryocyte-like monocytes subpopulation. The volcano plots show all the up-regulated (red) and down-regulated (green) genes in monocytes when: E. comparing pro-inflammatory monocytes between healthy controls and ACLF patients; F comparing CD16 monocytes between healthy controls and ACLF patients; G comparing Pro-inflammatory Monocytes between ACLF death group and ACLF survival group; H comparing monocytes between ACLF survival group and ACLF death group. The top 10 biological processes of the differentially expressed genes were identified