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. 2023 May 27;13:8636. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35931-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed modus operandi of chitosan oligomers (COS) in lemongrass as was developed during the present study. Our results suggest that COS palliates salt-induced oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant metabolism (such as SOD, CAT, and POD). Improved cellular homeostasis could support chlorophyll biosynthesis and PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm). Subsequent upgradation in stomatal dynamics (such as g_s and E) would assist lemongrass with a higher photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation rate (A). Further, a higher A is expected to generate more glucose which can undergo a mevalonate or mevalonate-independent pathway to confer improved essential oil productivity in salt-stressed lemongrass. The overall upgradation of plant physiology during salt stress can render morphological improvements in lemongrass such as dry weight, leaf area, and plant height. The studied phenomena are coloured in red while the green arrows show COS-induced elicitation of the process.