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. 2023 May 27;13:8636. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35931-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The scatter plot of PCA shows the correlation among each treatment group. The absence of overlapping clusters suggests a significant (α = 0.05) difference among treatment-induced modulations. Ellipses represent a confidence level of 95%. COS, chitosan oligomers 120 mg L⁻¹; NaCl concentrations are represented in mM. The numbers illustrate the replicates of the particular treatment i.e., each treatment group consisted of 5 such replicates (n = 5).