Fig. 2.

The historical milestones and schematic illustration of different PTMs. Protein phosphorylation was the first discovered PTM and this phenomenon was first identified in 1906. Since then, other common PTMs such as disulfide formation, palmitoylation, citrullination, methylation, ADP ribosylation, etc were being discovered. Recently, a novel PTM, lactylation, was reported in 2019. Advanced availability of genomic sequence information and the rapid development of detection approaches will lead to a golden age of PTM research and afford abundant novel therapeutic targets for human diseases. The figure is generated with BioRender (https://biorender.com). ADPr adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose, Ac the acetyl group, β-OHB β-hydroxybutyrate, CHO cholesterol, GSH glutathione, H2S hydrogen sulfide, Me the methyl group, NEDD8 neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8, NO nitric oxide, P the phosphate group, SOH sulfenic acid, SSG glutathione disulfide, SSH the persulfide group, SSR disulfide formation, Ub ubiquitin, PTMs post translational modifications