FIGURE 1.

The process of Rat sarcoma (RAS) binding to plasma membrane after post‐translational modification. CAAX motifs at C‐terminal of RAS, consisting of cysteine, aliphatic amino acids, and a variable amino acid, help RAS localize to specific plasma membrane microdomains and subsequently pass signals to the downstream. ³⁰ The post‐translational modification of CAAX is achieved by farnesylation, hydrolysis by RAS and a‐factor converting enzyme 1 (RCE1) and carboxymethylation by prenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (pcCMT), followed by palmitoylation by palmitoyltransferases (PAT) in Golgi (harvey‐RAS (HRAS), neuroblastoma‐RAS (NRAS), KRAS4A). The difference between KRAS4B and other paralogs is that the CAAX of KRAS4B is able to bind to membrane depending on lysine residues. ³¹ , ³² The figure was made using Biorender.