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. 2023 May 25;11:e15437. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15437

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©2023 Hu et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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(A) The serum level of creatinine, BUN, albumin and urinary protein/creatinine ratio. (B) Validation of the expression level of hub genes in blood samples. (C) Validation of the expression level of hub genes in kidney samples. ***: p < 0.001; **: p < 0.01; *: p < 0.05; ns, no significant difference; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DN, diabetic nephropathy.