TABLE 5.
Logistic regression analysis for clinical factors associated with predicting lung or liver involvement.
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Factor | N/% | OR (95%CI) | p‐value | OR (95%CI) | p‐value |
| Sex | Male | 76 (58.9%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 53 (41.1%) | 1.37 (0.61, 3.07) | 0.44 | |||
| Age | Mean ± SD [Range] | 67.74 ± 10.67 [38, 94] | 1.01 (0.97,1.05) | 0.522 | ||
| Ethnicity | White | 98 (76%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Hispanic | 12 (9.3%) | 1.73 (0.43, 6.05) | 0.407 | |||
| Other | 19 (14.7%) | 1.60 (0.51, 4.56) | 0.396 | |||
| CA19‐9 | ≤37 | 16 (14.7%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| >37 | 93 (85.3%) | 0.49 (0.16, 1.73) | 0.239 | |||
| Smoker | Never | 70 (57.9%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Current/Prior | 51 (42.1%) | 0.83 (0.35, 1.89) | 0.6532 | |||
| Alcohol | Never | 40 (33.1%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Current/Prior | 81 (66.9%) | 0.72 (0.31, 1.70) | 0.4390 | |||
| Diabetes | No | 104 (80.6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 25 (19.4%) | 1.23 (0.44, 3.19) | 0.681 | |||
| Pancreatic cyst | No | 126 (97.7%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 3 (2.3%) | 1.53 (0.07, 16.53) | 0.731 | |||
| Hyperlipidemia | No | 80 (62%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 49 (38%) | 2.30 (1.02, 5.25) | 0.0445 | 1.44 (0.47, 4.38) | 0.5191 | |
| Invasion a | No | 24 (21.1%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 90 (78.9%) | 2.14 (0.73, 7.89) | 0.1995 | |||
| Tumor location a | Head | 80 (63.0%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Body and Tail | 45 (35.4%) | 1.25 (0.53, 2.90) | 0.601 | |||
| Diffuse | 2 (1.6%) | 5.98 (NA, INF) | 0.989 | |||
| Tumor differentiation a | Highly Differentiated | 3 (3.3%) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Undifferentiated or Poorly | 51 (56.7%) | 0.19 (0.01, 2.12) | 0.1879 | 0.23 (0.01, 2.76) | 0.2595 | |
| Moderately | 36 (40%) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.60) | 0.0236 | 0.06 (0.00, 0.85) | 0.0448 | |
| Lymph node status a | Unknown | 70 (54.3%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 0 | 17 (13.2%) | 0.21 (0.01, 1.16) | 0.1456 | |||
| 1–3 | 24 (18.6%) | 2.4 (0.89, 6.48) | 0.0799 | |||
| ≥4 | 18 (14.0%) | 1.30 (0.37, 4.04) | 0.6628 | |||
| Resectability a | Resectable | 23 (18.1%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Locally Advanced | 25 (19.7%) | 1.52 (0.46, 5.20) | 0.4898 | |||
| Metastatic | 79 (62.3%) | 0.49 (0.17, 1.48) | 0.1898 | |||
| Tumor stage a | 1 | 7 (5.7%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | 21 (17.2%) | 1.88 (0.32, 15.25) | 0.506 | |||
| 3 | 18 (14.0%) | 1.60 (0.26, 13.32) | 0.631 | |||
| 4 | 76 (62.3%) | 0.47 (0.09, 3.53) | 0.397 |
Note: All the variables in univariable analysis with p‐values <0.05 were considered statistically significant and were further analyzed using a multivariable analysis. OR, odds ratio. OR >1 would denote greater probability of predicting lung metastasis and < 1 would denote lower probability of predicting lung involvement.
a
These variables reported above are tumor characteristic from initial pathology and imaging findings. Invasion refers to vascular and/or perineural invasion.