Table 1.

Clinical characteristics, biochemical, and Essential metals of the Study Population

Variables	T2DM (Patients) n = 160 (%) Mean ± SD	Non-T2DM (Controls) n = 154(%) Mean ± SD	p Value
Anthropometric Markers
Gender
Male N%	71(44.37)	58(37.66)	0.227
Female N%	89(55.63)	96(62.34)
Age (Years)
Younger (<45 Years)	93(58.13)	91(59.09)	0.862
Older (≥45 Years)	67(41.87)	63(40.91)
Mean ± SD	52.68 ± 7.85	49.76 ± 17.56	0.056
BMI (kg/m2)	29.97 ± 5.73	28.23 ± 5.50	0.006*
WHR (cm)	0.95 ± 0.06	0.94 ± 0.05	0.011*
TC (mg/dl)	181.1 ± 45.42	163.0 ± 40.76	<0.0001*
TG (mg/dl)	174.7 ± 92.60	142.7 ± 68.73	<0.0001*
HDL-C (mg/dl)	43.98 ± 14.93	42.39 ± 9.94	0.284
LDL-C (mg/dl)	114.7 ± 40.30	100.5 ± 34.32	<0.0001*
VLDL-C (mg/dl)	34.98 ± 18.50	28.65 ± 13.73	<0.0001*
Diabetic Markers
FBS (mg/dl)	165.7 ± 65.56	99.7 ± 8.93	<0.0001*
HbA1c (%)	7.66 ± 2.31	5.22 ± 0.41	<0.0001
Insulin (μIU/ml)	16.87 ± 13.14	11.97 ± 9.40	<0.0001*
HOMA-IR	7.04 ± 7.35	2.94 ± 2.23	<0.0001*
QUICKI	0.30 ± 0.02	0.34 ± 0.03	<0.0001*
C-Peptide (ng/ml)	2.88 ± 1.49	1.49 ± 1.10	<0.0001*
Fetuin-A (ng/ml)	1391.4 ± 839.8	444.9 ± 203.3	<0.0001*
Mg 2+ (mg/dl)	2.36 ± 0.43	2.41 ± 0.56	0.479
Cu2+ (μg/dL)	103.51 ± 43.90	115.30 ± 37.50	0.011*
Se2+ (μg/L)	136.90 ± 33.39	157.07 ± 57.72	0.002*
Zn2+ (μg/dL)	73.23 ± 23.28	92.04 ± 31.52	<0.0001*
Cr2+ (μg/L)	18.51 ± 12.76	28.82 ± 9.68	0.460
Mn2+ (μg/L)	2.58 ± 2.25	2.44 ± 2.05	0.166
Fe2+ (μg/dl)	138.24 ± 74.10	153.44 ± 108.30	0.049*

Abbreviations: T2DM Type-2 Diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, WHR Waist-to-Hip Ratio, HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, QUICKI Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, FBS Fasting Blood Sugar, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, HDL High-density Lipoprotein, LDL Low-density Lipoprotein, VLDL Very low-density Lipoprotein. Student T-test was used to compare groups. * p value <0.05 is considered statistically significant