Table 2.
Comparison of biochemical variables and essential metals within T2DM Obese, T2DM Non-Obese, Non-T2DM Obese, Non-Diabetic Obese, and Non-Diabetic Non-Obese
| Variables | Sub-groups | p Value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A)DO (n = 57) | (B)DNO (n = 103) | (C)NDO (n = 48) | (D)NDNO (n = 106) | A vs. C | A vs D | A vs. B | C vs. D | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.6 ± 3.5 | 24.7 ± 3.9 | 33.5 ± 2.8 | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 0.873 | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
| WHR (cm) | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 0.361 | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
| TC (mg/dl) | 181.5 ± 43.6 | 180.9 ± 46.7 | 177.0 ± 39.3 | 156.5 ± 39.9 | 0.582 | 0.0003* | 0.936 | 0.003* |
| TG (mg/dl) | 181.6 ± 97.6 | 170.9 ± 89.8 | 158.4 ± 74.9 | 135.4 ± 64.7 | 0.183 | 0.0004* | 0.489 | 0.053 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 45.4 ± 15.0 | 43.2 ± 14.9 | 42.5 ± 9.6 | 42.3 ± 10.1 | 0.250 | 0.118 | 0.373 | 0.908 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 110.4 ± 36.3 | 117.1 ± 42.5 | 110.0 ± 32.4 | 96.1 ± 34.4 | 0.953 | 0.014* | 0.316 | 0.019* |
| VLDL-C (mg/dl) | 36.2 ± 19.6 | 34.3 ± 17.9 | 32.0 ± 14.8 | 27.1 ± 12.9 | 0.225 | 0.0005* | 0.535 | 0.038* |
| FBS (mg/dl) | 150.3 ± 43.8 | 174.7 ± 74.1 | 101.0 ± 8.1 | 98.9 ± 9.2 | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | 0.024* | 0.175 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | 0.001* | 0.159 |
| Insulin (μIU/ml) | 19.1 ± 13.7 | 15.6 ± 12.7 | 17.1 ± 12.5 | 9.6 ± 6.3 | 0.446 | <0.0001* | 0.109 | <0.0001* |
| C-Peptide (ng/ml) | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 0.083 | 0.003* | 0.028* | 0.224 |
| Fetuin-A (ng/mL) | 2165.6 ± 651.9 | 941 ± 564.3 | 489.4 ± 157.1 | 424.3 ± 219.1 | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | 0.065 |
| Mg2+ (mg/dL) | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 0.004* | 0.0001* | 1.00 | <0.0001* |
| Cu2+ (μg/dL) | 99.24 ± 3.39 | 106.1 ± 47.5 | 103.6 ± 23.2 | 119.7 ± 40.3 | 0.163 | 0.0002* | 0.278 | 0.010* |
| Se2+ (μg/L) | 133.7 ± 36.7 | 137.81 ± 33.1 | 136.9 ± 40.9 | 150.9 ± 49.7 | 0.673 | 0.022* | 0.470 | 0.089 |
| Zn2+ (μg/dL) | 69.1 ± 18.2 | 75.73 ± 21.1 | 78.4 ± 20.4 | 83.4 ± 21.8 | 0.015* | <0.0001* | 0.047* | 0.180 |
| Cr2+ (μg/L) | 20.26 ± 13.45 | 17.50 ± 12.35 | 11.36 ± 6.64 | 34.29 ± 10.82 | 0.001* | <0.0001* | 0.191 | <0.001* |
| Mn2+ (μg/L) | 2.55 ± 1.92 | 2.61 ± 2.44 | 2.99 ± 2.10 | 2.24 ± 2.01 | 0.265 | 0.341 | 0.192 | 0.036* |
| Fe2+ (μg/dL) | 133.77 ± 89.58 | 140.93 ± 63.51 | 155.42 ± 110.36 | 146.38 ± 94.11 | 0.269 | 0.408 | 0.206 | 0.602 |
Abbreviations: DO Diabetic Obese, DNO Diabetic Non-Obese, DNO Diabetic Non-Obese, NDNO Non-Diabetic Non-Obese, BMI body mass index, WHR Waist-to-Hip Ratio, HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, QUICKI Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, FBS Fasting Blood Sugar, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, HDL High-density Lipoprotein, LDL Low-density Lipoprotein, VLDL Very low-density Lipoprotein. Student t-test was used to compare groups. The data has been represented in mean ± SD. * p value <0.05 is considered statistically significant