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Structure of tripartite RND efflux systems. RND efflux systems consists of an outer membrane pore protein (yellow) orthologous to E. coli TolC, a membrane fusion protein (gray) and an inner membrane RND-family pump protein (blue). The RND systems function as substrate-proton antiporters and collect substrates from the periplasm and cytoplasmic membrane for export into the extremal milieu. Figure derived from PDB ID: 5V5S (Wang et al., 2017).
