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. 2023 May 29;9:11. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00113-6

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

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Fig. 3 — (A) Publication trends for FES (n = 5), ES (n = 5), FNS (n = 5), TSCS (n = 3), and EES (n = 3) by year; and (B) reported study designs of each neuromodulation technique with number of articles published. Abbreviation: FES = functional electrical stimulation; ES = electrical stimulation; FNS = functional neuromuscular stimulation; TSCS = transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation; EES = epidural spinal electrical stimulation; RCT = randomized controlled trial