Table 3.

Quantum yields of CA-based band shifting fluorophores at various 1-photon excitation wavelengths. The quantum yield (Φ) measurement under 365-nm excitation was carried out on a Horiba FluoroMax-4 equipped with a Quanta-φ F-3029 integrating sphere. Then, Φ under 405- and 445-nm excitation was calculated based on the ratio of area integration under the emission spectrum curves.

Fluorophores	Solvent	λex (nm)	Quantum yield, Φ (%)
CA-Arg	Water	365	9.84 ± 0.40
		405	~2.9
		445	~0.6
CA-Ala	Water	365	8.31 ± 0.28
		405	~1.5
		445	~0.25
CA-Ser	Water	365	26.02 ± 0.2
		405	~10.82
		445	~1.36
CA-Ser-Urea	Water	365	13.85 ± 0.23
		405	~6.55
		445	~2.52