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The causal effects of sleep traits on ED. (a) The causal links between sleep traits and ED results obtained by the random effect IVW. (b) The scatter plot of the effect size for each SNP on insomnia and ED. ED: erectile dysfunction; IVW: inverse-variance-weighting; IVW-fe: fixed effect inverse-variance-weighting; IVW-re: random effect inverse-variance-weighting; MR: Mendelian randomization; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
