Table 1.
Some mycotoxins detected in Ghanaian staple foodstuffs, spices, and spice mixtures kept under normal tropic ambient conditions.
| Food products | Mycotoxin detected | Fungus | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maize grains (whole) | Aflatoxins | Aspergillus flavus | 57–59 |
| Ochratoxins | Aspergillus carbonarius, Penicillium verucosum | ||
| Maize powder | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 12,60,61 |
| Fermented maize | Fumonisins | Fusarium verticillioides | 62–64 |
| Aflatoxins | A. flavus | ||
| Kenkey | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 60 |
| Ice kenkey | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 65 |
| Weanimix cereals | Fumonisins | Fusarium verticillioides | 66 |
| Aflatoxin | A. flavus | 67 | |
| Maize-groundnut mix | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 68 |
| Dry cassava products | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 47 |
| Kokonte | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 47 |
| Cassava flour | Sterigmatocystin | A. versicolor | 47 |
| Tentazonic acid | Alternaria spp. | ||
| Cyclopiazonic acid | Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. | ||
| Penicillinic acid | |||
| Patulin | |||
| Cereals | Aflatoxins | A.flavus | 69,70 |
| Peanut/groundnuts | Aflatoxins | A.flavus | 71–74 |
| Raw cow milk | Aflatoxin M1 | A. flavus | 75–77 |
| ‘Brukina’ (fermented millet based milk beverage) | Aflatoxin M1 | A. flavus | 78 |
| ‘Wagashie’ (traditional soft cottage cheese) | Aflatoxin M1 | A. flavus | 79 |
| Aqueous extract of fruit of pepper, okra, tomato | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 80 |
| Millet | Aflatoxins | 81 | |
| Seasoning powder spices | N.D | A. flavus, Penicillium spp | 43 |
| Spice and spice products | N.D | A. flavus, Penicillium spp | 45 |
| Kebab spice mix | Aflatoxins | Miscellaneous including A. flavus | 46 |
| Spices and herbs | Aflatoxins | Miscellaneous including A.flavus and Fusarium sp. | 82,83 |
| Fruits and Vegetables | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 84 |
| Nuts and oils | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 84 |
| Plantains | Fumonisins | Fusarium sp. | 85 |
| Ochratoxins | Penicillium sp. | 85 | |
| Cocoa beans | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 86 |
| Ochratoxins | A. carbonarius | 86 | |
| Animal feed | Aflatoxins | A. flavus | 84 |