Table 4.
Estimated cumulative change for delayed recall and verbal fluency.
| Outcomes | Waves | Estimate | SE | Standard error/estimate | Fixed effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delayed recall | Wave 2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 999.00 | 0 |
| Wave 4 | 1.28*** | 0.22 | 5.79 | Free | |
| Wave 5 | 2.20*** | 0.22 | 9.97 | Free | |
| Wave 6 | 3.18*** | 0.23 | 14.15 | Free | |
| Wave 7 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 999.00 | 5 | |
| Verbal fluency | Wave 2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 999.00 | 0 |
| Wave 4 | 2.13*** | 0.25 | 8.66 | Free | |
| Wave 5 | 2.52*** | 0.22 | 11.39 | Free | |
| Wave 6 | 3.43*** | 0.23 | 14.95 | Free | |
| Wave 7 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 999.00 | 5 |
***p < 0.001.
As these are freely estimated time scores, waves 2 and 7 were fixed to 0 and 5 respectively. Delayed recall performance declined quite slowly between waves 2 and 4 (an estimated mean change of 1.28 in delayed recall in 4 years), followed by a more rapid decline between waves 4 and 6 (with an estimated mean change of 0.92 in 2 years between wave 4 and 5, and 0.98 between wave 5 and 6, thus a decline of 1.90 in 4 years), then this decline became even steeper between waves 6 and 7 (an estimated mean change of 1.82 in 2 years between waves 6 and 7).
Verbal fluency performance declined quite rapidly between waves 2 and 4 (an estimated mean change of 2.13 in verbal fluency in 4 years), followed by a slight decline between waves 4 and 5 (an estimated mean change of 0.39 in 2 years) and a more rapid decline between waves 5 and 6 (an estimated mean change of 0.91 in 2 years). Finally, this decline became even steeper between waves 6 and 7 (an estimated mean change of 1.57 in 2 years).