Fig. 6. Dynamic analysis of particle assembly and interactions.

a Microscopy images from movie recordings captured during evaporation-induced self-assembly. The growth front is shown by a red dashed line. Scale bar 2 µm. Red and green arrows indicate two particles and how they rearrange. b Schematic illustration of the formation of a packed structure via rearrangement of particles. c Calculations of interactions (repulsive double-layer interaction, attractive van der Waals interaction, and DLVO interaction) in LNPs colloidal system by using the DLVO model. d Calculations of DLVO interaction of LNP particles in pure water and in the salt solution.