Table 1.
Patients Characteristics at Baseline and Major Clinical Events During 1‐Year of Follow‐Up
| Total (n=196) | Low QoL (<30) (n=53) | Mid QoL (30–55) (n=95) | High QoL (>55) (n=48) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, y | 44.3 (±13.8)* | 46.5 (±14.0) | 43.4 (±13.6) | 43.6 (±14.1) | 0.397 |
| Male, n (%) | 100 (51) | 23 (43) | 48 (51) | 29 (60) | 0.230 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Congenital heart disease | |||||
| Simple | 17 (9) | 4 (8) | 10 (11) | 3 (6) | 0.595 |
| Moderate | 69 (35) | 23 (43) | 29 (31) | 17 (35) | |
| Complex | 109 (56) | 26 (49) | 55 (58) | 28 (58) | |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 167 (85) | 46 (87) | 81 (85) | 40 (83) | 0.887 |
| Renal failure | 9 (5) | 5 (9) | 4 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.065 |
| COPD | 8 (4) | 4 (8) | 1 (1) | 3 (6) | 0.069 |
| PAH | 35 (18) | 13 (25) | 15 (16) | 5 (15) | 0.327 |
| Diabetes | 9 (5) | 5 (9) | 3 (3) | 1 (2) | 0.195 |
| History of heart failure hospitalization | 61 (54) | 20 (67) | 28 (51) | 13 (48) | 0.284 |
| Depression | 17 (9) | 9 (17) | 6 (7) | 2 (4) | 0.054 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 (±6.0) | 25.4 (±6.0) | 24.5 (±5.7) | 24.6 (±6.5) | 0.632 |
| NYHA class | p for III/IV vs others: | <0.001 | |||
| I | 23 (12) | 2 (4) | 12 (13) | 9 (19) | |
| II | 77 (41) | 14 (27) | 38 (42) | 25 (53) | |
| III | 70 (37) | 27 (53) | 32 (36) | 11 (23) | |
| IV | 18 (10) | 8 (16) | 8 (9) | 2 (4) | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 117 (±17) | 116 (±17) | 116 (±18) | 118 (±17) | 0.856 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 67 (±12) | 65 (±13) | 68 (±12) | 68 (±12) | 0.153 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 77 (±19) | 76 (±18) | 78 (±17) | 77 (±22) | 0.773 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 139 (±3) | 139 (±3) | 139 (±2) | 138 (±3) | 0.482 |
| BNP, ng/L | 220 [129–507]† | 274 [150–619] | 203 [115–463] | 212 [127–413] | 0.285 |
| GFR, MDRD | 90 (±32) | 86 (±33) | 92 (±32) | 92 (±32) | 0.469 |
| Hemoglobin | 14.0 (±2.7) | 13.8 (±2.7) | 14.1 (±2.9) | 14.1 (±2.5) | 0.818 |
| VEF, % | 46.6 (±11.6) | 44.2 (±10.4) | 46.6 (±12.4) | 48.7 (±11.1) | 0.286 |
| Medication at the time of the inclusion | |||||
| Loop diuretics | 113 (59) | 34 (64) | 55 (60) | 24 (50) | 0.323 |
| ACE inhibitors | 82 (43) | 18 (34) | 42 (46) | 22 (46) | 0.318 |
| β‐blockers | 120 (63) | 32 (60) | 60 (66) | 28 (58) | 0.633 |
| 1‐y events | |||||
| Rehospitalization for heart failure | 18 (9) | 10 (19) | 6 (6) | 2 (4) | 0.023 |
| Death | 9 (5) | 4 (8) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.176 |
| Heart transplantation | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.498 |
| Mechanical circulatory support implantation | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Composite end point‡ | 28 (14) | 13 (25) | 13 (14) | 2 (4) | 0.014 |
ACE indicates angiotensin‐conversion enzyme; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; bpm, beats per minute; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF, ejection fraction; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; QoL, quality of life; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; and VEF, ventricular ejection fraction.
*
Mean (±SD).
†
Median [interquartile range].
‡
Death or transplantation or HF hospitalization or circulatory support.