Table 5.

Summary of kinetic models along with substrates used, parameters used and key highlights.

Sr. No	Model name	Substrate used	Pre-treatment method	Operating parameters used to fit kinetic data	Order of reaction	Key points	References
1	Psuedo-first order rate kinetics	Banana skin, cowpea shells, maize stalks, rice husk	Acid hydrolysis (Sulphuric acid)	Temperature, acid concentration	First	Increase in temperature and acid concentration improves sugar yields	[115]
2	Semi-mechanistic kinetic model	Sugarcane straw	Hydrothermal	Temperature, concentration profiles of monomers formed	First	Reaction rate increased with increase in temperature	[116]
3	Model for delignification	Sorghum, Wheat straw, Bamboo	Alkali peroxide	Alkali loading, pre-treatment temperature and enzyme loading	First	Extent of delignification increases with increase in alkaline loading. Increase in temperature and enzyme concentration increases the conversion.	[117]
4	MM model for cellulase	Miscanthus and oat hulls, oil palm petiole	Chemical (combined method using Nitric acid and Sodium hydroxide)	Substrate loading	First	Rate of enzyme hydrolysis increases with increase in substrate concentration	[118,119]
5	Chrastil's model	Apple Pomace	Combined (Alkaline + acid + enzymatic)	Mixing speed, substrate concentration	–	Better sugar yields are obtained at lower mixing speeds, maximum constant substrate concentration	[120]
6	HCH-1 three parameter model	AFEX treated wheat straw	AFEX	Enzyme loading, Substrate concentration	First	Sugar yield increases with increased substrate concentration	[121]
7	Langmuir adsorption model	Corn stover, defatted and bleached cotton linter	Dilute alkali and acid, cellulosic solvent	Substrate concentration, enzyme loading	–	Sugar yields were better at lower substrate loadings and a wide range of enzyme concentrations	[122,123]
8	Intermediate and end product inhibition	Corn stover	Dilute acid	Substrate concentration, temperature, product concentration	First	Model predicts well the hydrolysis performance	[124]
9	Valjamae and Kopelman model	Passion fruit peel	Solvent extraction	Glucose concentration, enzyme ratio	–	Glucose concentration increases with increase in enzyme volume ratio	[114]
10	Deactivation and reactivation reaction rate mechanism	Corn cob	Alkaline peroxide oxidation	Substrate concentration, hydrolysis time	Second	Product concentration reaches maximum at optimum substrate loading and hydrolysis time	[125]