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. 2023 May 16;13:1135203. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1135203

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Mitochondrial fission and fusion cycle. Mitochondria are constantly dynamic cellular organelles and morphology of mitochondrial network keeps on changing. Mitochondrial fission involves the contact between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and the constriction occurs via actin cytoskeleton proteins. (A) Mitochondrial fission is controlled by post-translational modifications of Drp1, which includes S-nitrosylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and ubiquitination in response to various cellular stimuli via PKA, AMPK, ERK, p38 etc. After constriction, DRP1 is recruited to the fission site at the mitochondrial outer surface and interacts with adaptor proteins such as FIS1, MFF, MiD49 and MiD51 on the OMM (Right upper panel). (B) Mitochondrial fusion involves fusion of the OMM which occurs via the interaction of MFN1 and MFN2 between two individual mitochondria. Then, fusion of the IMM occurs with the help of OPA1 GTPase which is present at the IMM (Right lower panel). The image was created with the help of BioRender.com.