TABLE 4.
Mean induced accelerations at the joints during the stance phase.
| Index | Pregnant | Con | t | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glutes | Hip (rad/s2) | Max | −19.47 ± 4.58* | −122.66 ± 35.22 | 12.99 | p < 0.01 |
| Min | −280.92 ± 42.01* | −530.11 ± 55.04 | 16.09 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −172.59 ± 11.36* | −308.03 ± 33.20 | 17.26 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Knee (rad/s2) | Max | 287.46 ± 42.67 | 284.03 ± 28.59 | 0.30 | p = 0.77 | |
| Min | 13.31 ± 3.00 | 15.47 ± 21.96 | −0.44 | p = 0.67 | ||
| Average | 159.45 ± 12.51 | 158.55 ± 24.50 | 0.15 | p = 0.88 | ||
| Ankle (rad/s2) | Max | 251.67 ± 64.80* | 505.54 ± 198.43 | −5.44 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −188.69 ± 61.95* | −682.01 ± 126.93 | −27.57 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | 41.70 ± 15.44* | −13.36 ± 62.74 | 3.81 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Iliopsoas | Hip (rad/s2) | Max | 182.24 ± 48.79* | 501.51 ± 109.92 | −11.87 | p < 0.01 |
| Min | 17.99 ± 2.36* | 15.56 ± 1.76 | 3.69 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | 51.46 ± 9.63* | 195.52 ± 47.74 | −13.23 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Knee (rad/s2) | Max | −5.01 ± 1.46* | −8.70 ± 1.05 | 9.18 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −127.98 ± 35.74* | −304.45 ± 66.69 | 10.43 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −44.29 ± 7.93* | −111.52 ± 32.94 | 8.87 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Ankle (rad/s2) | Max | 105.35 ± 26.92* | 218.09 ± 92.47 | −5.24 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −81.19 ± 30.48 | −74.03 ± 21.44 | −0.86 | p = 0.40 | ||
| Average | −0.51 ± 2.98* | 40.72 ± 10.68 | −16.63 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Quadriceps | Hip (rad/s2) | Max | 40.09 ± 9.99* | 108.03 ± 71.09 | −4.23 | p < 0.01 |
| Min | −151.35 ± 8.55* | −241.27 ± 64.41 | 6.19 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −51.20 ± 6.96* | −69.70 ± 24.00 | 3.31 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Knee (rad/s2) | Max | 359.24 ± 40.04* | 501.54 ± 102.05 | −5.81 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | 65.17 ± 12.24 | 61.65 ± 9.14 | 1.03 | p = 0.31 | ||
| Average | 146.69 ± 11.26* | 222.13 ± 42.60 | −7.66 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Ankle (rad/s2) | Max | 470.30 ± 71.29 | 504.69 ± 107.93 | −1.19 | p = 0.24 | |
| Min | −289.78 ± 16.52* | −910.23 ± 163.43 | 16.65 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | 41.62 ± 11.32* | −120.35 ± 45.68 | 15.39 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Hamstring | Hip (rad/s2) | Max | −47.67 ± 18.89 | −12.21 ± 59.54 | −2.54 | p = 0.02 |
| Min | −190.95 ± 29.77* | −521.19 ± 87.17 | 16.03 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −105.61 ± 17.43* | −168.17 ± 61.28 | 4.39 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Knee (rad/s2) | Max | 21.53 ± 7.85* | 73.98 ± 23.67 | −9.41 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −125.45 ± 19.97 | −174.58 ± 66.48 | 3.17 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −44.46 ± 6.14* | −37.97 ± 7.98 | −2.88 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Ankle (rad/s2) | Max | 62.08 ± 23.64* | 174.74 ± 74.80 | −6.42 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −84.40 ± 19.46* | −120.22 ± 42.71 | 3.41 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −17.83 ± 6.80* | −9.66 ± 10.36 | −2.95 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Soleus | Hip (rad/s2) | Max | 180.05 ± 81.84* | 110.84 ± 37.21 | 3.44 | p < 0.01 |
| Min | −144.92 ± 13.96* | −220.98 ± 30.89 | 13.99 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −24.52 ± 9.72* | −51.53 ± 11.98 | 7.83 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Knee (rad/s2) | Max | 250.84 ± 28.32 | 229.39 ± 66.45 | 1.33 | 0.19 | |
| Min | −392.79 ± 113.20* | −244.91 ± 95.57 | −4.46 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | 20.96 ± 21.96 | 34.38 ± 32.55 | −1.53 | p = 0.13 | ||
| Ankle (rad/s2) | Max | −40.48 ± 23.74* | −13.44 ± 6.97 | −4.89 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −1566.10 ± 579.62 | −2312.07 ± 1308.97 | 2.33 | p = 0.03 | ||
| Average | −291.89 ± 66.02* | −495.31 ± 117.72 | 6.74 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Gastrocnemius | Hip (rad/s2) | Max | 228.98 ± 21.04* | 163.53 ± 39.09 | 6.59 | p < 0.01 |
| Min | −29.66 ± 6.82* | −90.44 ± 34.56 | 7.72 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | 102.20 ± 20.74* | 54.23 ± 22.14 | 7.07 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Knee (rad/s2) | Max | 49.86 ± 9.84* | 118.14 ± 41.91 | −7.09 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −444.01 ± 36.06* | −290.35 ± 95.57 | −6.73 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −207.12 ± 33.69* | −91.08 ± 22.11 | −12.88 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Ankle (rad/s2) | Max | 3.00 ± 15.97* | −20.63 ± 9.81 | 5.64 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −893.44 ± 209.94* | −1555.02 ± 437.91 | 6.09 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | −154.69 ± 39.22* | −359.82 ± 81.64 | 10.13 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Tibialis anterior | Hip (rad/s2) | Max | 149.19 ± 23.80* | 451.99 ± 47.80 | −25.36 | p < 0.01 |
| Min | −110.75 ± 46.58 | −74.59 ± 45.16 | −2.49 | p = 0.02 | ||
| Average | 2.06 ± 7.21* | 93.30 ± 15.38 | −24.02 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Knee (rad/s2) | Max | 289.75 ± 82.40* | 191.62 ± 85.90 | 3.69 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | −251.48 ± 26.95* | −568.68 ± 78.41 | 17.11 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | 13.85 ± 6.10* | −98.25 ± 21.03 | 22.89 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Ankle (rad/s2) | Max | 2130.89 ± 333.44* | 3750.44 ± 796.97 | −8.38 | p < 0.01 | |
| Min | 10.87 ± 6.38* | 76.20 ± 39.37 | −7.33 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Average | 324.26 ± 78.91* | 906.18 ± 126.66 | −17.44 | p < 0.01 | ||
CON, Control group, i.e., non-pregnant women. *, Significant differences in this index between non-pregnant and pregnant women.