Table 3.

Relationship between IBD therapies and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

IBD therapies	Effects on cardiovascular system
5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)	↓ platelets activation
	↓ risk of ischemic heart disease
Corticosteroids	↑ risk of ischemic heart disease (insufficient data; corticosteroids can be a proxy for disease severity)
Thiopurines	↓ atherosclerosis and arterial events
TNF inhibitors	↓ atherosclerosis and arterial events
Vedolizumab or ustekinumab	Limited data. No increased risk of arterial adverse events in clinical trials and post-marketing safety reports
Anti JAK (tofacitinib, filgotinib, tofacitinib)	Not associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events