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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 30.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychol. 2022 Mar 7;170:108305. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108305

Figure 1. Heightened fear and panic to 35% CO2 in three rare lesion patients with focal bilateral amygdala damage.

Figure 1.

(Feinstein et al., 2013). The amygdala is highlighted by red-dashed circles on the MRI scans in the top panel. A single vital capacity inhalation of 35% CO2 triggered a panic attack in all of the patients with amygdala damage (A), as well as significantly higher levels of self-reported fear (B) and panic (C), and a significantly higher rate of respiration (D). *p < .05; error bars represent the standard error of the mean. VAS, visual analogue scale.