Table 1.

Different sources of MSC and their applications.

Source	Differential Potential	Clinical Applications	References
Bone marrow	[1] Adipose cells [2] Embryonic tissue [3] Astrocytic glial cells [4] Cardiac muscle cells [5] Osteoblasts [6] Cartilage cells [7] Hepatocytes [8] Stromal cells [9] Myocytes [10] Neural cells [11] Mesangial cells	➢ Therapeutic potential against PD pathophysiology via multi-mechanistic actions. ➢ Chronic ischemic stroke ➢ Spinal cord injury ➢ Diabetes mellitus type 1 ➢ Cirrhosis in rats ➢ Treatment of the radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome ➢ Hematological malignancy ➢ Organ repair ➢ Regeneration of tissue-engineered urinary bladder and prevention of fibrosis ➢ Treatment of intrauterine adhesions in a rat	[41-49]
Adipose tissue	➢ Adipose cells ➢ Bone cells ➢ Cartilage cells ➢ Muscle cells	➢ Repopulate cardiac muscles after a heart attack ➢ Myocardium restoration ➢ Bone regeneration ➢ Nerve system rebuilding ➢ Skin reconstruction ➢ Cartilage repair ➢ Liver reconstruction ➢ Enhance radiotherapy effects on hepatocellular carcinoma. ➢ Osteoarthritis ➢ Promotes wound healing ➢ Stroke	[50-56]
Dental pulp	➢ Odontoblasts ➢ Osteoblasts ➢ Adipocytes ➢ Chondrocytes ➢ Neurogenic cells ➢ Myogenic cells	➢ Irreversible pulpitis ➢ Treat alveolar bone defects in human ➢ Regenerate periodontal tissues and bone damage ➢ Formation of blood vessels in the myogenic lineage ➢ Genetic disorders ➢ Endodontic regeneration	[57-62]
Amniotic fluid and placenta	AF-MSCs: ➢ Neural stem cells ➢ Adipocytes ➢ Osteoblasts ➢ Chondrocytes ➢ Hepatocytes P-MSCs: ➢ Pancreatic cells	AF-MSCs: ➢ Spinal cord injuries and demyelinating diseases ➢ Neuronal regenerative therapy ➢ Cancer treatment ➢ Improve ovarian function by resisting DNA damage ➢ Hyperoxic lung injury ➢ Ischemic heart injury ➢ Tubular necrosis of kidney and acute bladder injury P-MSCs: ➢ Cardiac diseases, ulcers, bone repair ➢ Autoimmune disorders ➢ Bronchopulmonary dysplasia	[63-69]
Birth derived tissue	UC-MSCs: ➢ Adipocytes ➢ Chondrocytes WJ-MSCs: ➢ DAergic neurons ➢ Chondrocytes	UC-MSCs: ➢ Musculoskeletal diseases ➢ Spinal cord injury ➢ APP and presenilin (PS1) double-transgenic mice ➢ Improve anticancer effects ➢ Cartilage regenration WJ-MSCs: ➢ Kidney injury, lung injury, orthopedic injury, and cancer therapy ➢ Wound healing and hair growth	[44, 56, 70-74]

Abbreviations: AF-MSCs = Amniotic fluid-derived MSCs, WJ-MSCs = Wharton’s jelly derived MS.