Table 2.
Relationships between Modifying Factors and PA
| Factor | Study | Results for Women | Results for both sexes together | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sig | Non-Sig | Sig | Non-Sig | ||
| Age | Al-Nozha et al (2007)[18] | Women of Age ≥60 are significantly less likely to be PA than women of age 30-49. | No significant differences between age groups 30-39. 40-49, 50-59. | NIF | NIF |
| AlQuaiz and Tayel (2009)[19] | NIFa | NIF | Respondents (patients) younger than 45 were significantly less likely to be PA | NIF | |
| AboZaid and Farahat (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | Respondents of age 50 and older significantly less likely to be PA | NIF | |
| Al Isa et al. (2011)[31] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Age was not significant (among college students) | |
| El-Gilany and El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Age was not significant (among college students) | |
| Mabry et al. (2012)[24] |
Sitting time decreased significantly with age. For women who worked, PA was significantly lower for age ≥ 40 |
NIF | NIF | NIF | |
| Alaffi (2014)[32] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Older age is positively associated with sedentary behavior (significance unclear) | |
| Al-Zalabani (2015)[22] |
Women in the 25-34 years, 35-44 years and 45-54 years age groups are more likely to be PA than women of age ≥ 55 |
Women of age < 25 were not less likely to be PA than women of age ≥ 55 | The age group 35-44 was significantly less PA than the age group 55+ | PA for age groups < 35 and 45-54 was not significantly different from 55+ | |
| Mabry et al. (2016)[25] | PA significantly decreased with age. | NIF | NIF | NIF | |
| Sayegh et al.(2016)[29] | Women aged 18-24 were significantly less active than women of age 45-64. | Age group 25-44 was not significantly different from 18-24 or 45-64. | NIF | NIF | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] BMC | NIF | NIF | T2D patients of age ≤ 57 were significantly likely to be PA. | Age was not significantly associated with PA for categories <40, 40-49, 50-59,60-69, ≥70. | |
| Mabry et al. (2017)[26] | Younger women were significantly more likely to sit less than 7 hours per day than Women of age ≥ 40 | NIF | NIF | NIF | |
| Almutairi et al (2018)[23] | NIF | For college students, age was not significantly associated with PA. | NIF | NIF | |
| Marital status | Al-Nozha et al.(2007)[18] | NIF | NIF | Divorced/Widowed respondents were significantly less likely to be PA than married or single respondents | No significant differences between single and married respondents. |
| AlQuaiz and Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant difference in PA prevalence between married and unmarried respondents. | |
| Abozaid, H. A. and F. M. Farahat (2010)[20]. | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant association was detected between marital status and physical activity | |
| Al-Isa et al. (2011)[31] | NIF | NIF | Married students were significantly less likely to be PA | NIF | |
| Mabry (2012)[24] | NIF | Marital status was not significantly related to PA. | NIF | NIF | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] BMC | NIF | NIF | NIF | Single T2D patients were more likely to be PA than married/divorced/widowed T2D patients. | |
| Mabry et al. (2017)[26] | Marrried women of age ≥ 40 were more likely to be PA | No significant differences for age < 40. | NIF | NIF | |
| Education | Al-Nozha et al.(2007)[18] | NIF | NIF | Respondents with a College/University background were significantly more likely to be PA than respondents from all other categories (secondary, primary, read/write, illiterate). Respondents with secondary or primary education with significantly more likely to be PA than respondents without (read/write, illiterate). | No significant differences between respondents with secondary educations versus respondents with primary education only. No significant differences between illiterate respondents and respondents who have not completed primary education yet were able to read/write. |
| AlQuaiz and Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant difference in PA prevalence between respondents with versus without university degree | |
| Abozaid et al. (2010)[20]. | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant association was detected between level of education (from illiterate to university) and PA | |
| Mabry et al.(2012)[24] | NIF | Education was not significantly associated with (various forms of) PA. | NIF | NIF | |
| Al-Zalabani (2015)[22] | NIF | No significant differences in PA between higher educated females, compared to lower or medium educated. | Medium Educated respondents were significantly more likely to be PA, compared to higher educated. | No significant differences between lower and higher educated respondents. | |
| Mabry et al (2016)[25] | NIF | Education (from illiterate to secondary plus) was not associated wih PA | NIF | NIF | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] BMC | NIF | NIF | T2D patients who completed a university degree were significantly more likely to be PA. | No significant differences among T2D patients with education ranging from college complete to illiterate. | |
| Mabry et al (2017)[26] | NIF | Education (from illiterate to secondary plus) was not associated wih PA | NIF | NIF | |
| Almutairi et al (2018)[23] | College students with more years in college were less likely to PA. | NIF | NIF | NIF | |
| Employment | Abozaid et al (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | Employed respondents were significantly more likely to be PA | NIF |
| Mabry et al.(2012)[24] | Employment was significantly and positively associated with PA and sitting time | NIF | NIF | NIF | |
| Al-Zalabani (2015)[22] | Employed women were significantly more likely to be PA than retired/unemployed. | PA of Students and homemakers was not significantly different from retired/unemployed | Non-governmental employees were significantly more likely to be PA than retired/unemployed | PA of governmental employees and students was not significantly different from retired/unemployed. | |
| Mabry et al. (2016)[25] | Employed women were significantly more likely to be PA than unemployed, for age 18-29 | No significant difference between employed and umemployed women of ages ≥ 30. | NIF | NIF | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] BMC | NIF | NIF | Governmental employees were significantly more PA than other employees, self-employed, unemployed, retired | No significant differences between non-governmental employees, self-employed, unemployed, retired | |
| Mabry et al. (2017)[26] | NIF | No significant differences in sitting time for employed versus unemployed women. | NIF | NIF | |
| BMI | Mabry et al.(2012)[24] | NIF | BMI was significantly associated with PA. | NIF | NIF |
| Al-Nozha et al.(2007)[18] | Average BMI was significantly lower for PA women. | BMI was not significantly associated with PA (no differences between BMI categories < 25, 25-30, >30). | NIF | NIF | |
| Abozaid et al. (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Obesity was not significantly associated with PA. | |
| Al-Isa et al. (2011)[31] | NIF | NIF | BMI ≤ 30 was significantly and positively associated with PA. | NIF | |
| Alaffi et al (2014)[32] | NIF | NIF | Unhealthy exercise behaviors increased significantly with BMI. | NIF | |
| Sayegh et al. (2016)[29] | NIF | No significant relationship between BMI and PA. | NIF | NIF | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] BMC | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant relationship between BMI and PA. | |
| Location | Al-Nozha et al.(2007)[18] | NIF | NIF | Respondents from the Southern region were significantly more PA than for all other regions. Respondents from the Western region were significantly more PA than respondents from Central, Eastern, and Northern region. | No significance differences between respondents from Central, Eastern and Northern regions. |
| El Gilany et al (2011)[21]E | NIF | NIF | Egyptian college students were significantly more likely to be PA than Saudi counterparts. | NIF | |
| Al Zalabani et al. (2015) [22] | Women from the central, eastern and northern regions of Saudi Arabia are significantly less likely to be PA | NIF | Respondents from the Southern region were significantly more PA than respondents from the central and northern region of Saudi Arabia | PA of respondents from the Eastern and Western regions was not significantly different from respondents from the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. | |
| Mabry et al. (2016)[25] | Region was significantly associated with PA for women of age 30-39. | Region was not significantly associated with PA for women < 29 or ≥ 40. | Region was significantly associated with PA for regions of Oman | NIF | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] BMC | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant relationship between region and PA. | |
| Income | Alquaiz et al (2009)[19] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Income was not significantly associated with PA. |
| Al Isa et al. (2011)[31] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Family income was not significantly associated with PA (among college students) (among college students) | |
| El-Gilany et al. (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Family income was not significantly associated with PA. | |
| Al Zalabani et al. (2015) [22] | NIF | Family income was not significantly correlated to PA | NIF | Family income was not significantly correlated to PA | |
| Mabry et al. (2016)[25] | NIF | Wealth quintile was not significantly associated with PA | NIF | Wealth quintile was not significantly associated with PA | |
| Urban and rural residents | Al-Nozha et al.(2007)[18] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant difference in PA between urban and rural residents |
| El Gilany et al. (2011) [21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant difference in PA between college students of rural versus urban origin. | |
| Health Status | Abozaid et al. (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | Diabetes Patients were less likely were less likely to be PA. | Respondents suffering from hypertension, obesity, or practiced smoking were not significantly less likely to be PA. |
| Al Isa et at (2011)[31] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significancy between prevalence of chronic disease and PA. | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] BMC | NIF | NIF | T2D Patients suffering from comorbidities were less likely to be PA. | None of the T2D measures was significantly associated with PA. | |
aNIF No information found