Table 3.
Health Belief Model constructs associated with PA
| HBM Component | Study | Women Only | All Respondents | Men vs. Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant | Non-Significant | Significant | Non-Significant | Significant | Non-Significant | |||
| Perceived Barriers | Lack of resources | AlQuaiz, A. M. and S. A. Tayel (2009)[19] | NIFa | Confirmed as a barrier by 41.8% of female respondents | Significantly and negatively associated with income | Not significantly associated with age, education, or marital status | Confirmed significantly more frequently by women | NIF |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 29.1% of female respondents | Significantly and positively associated with being married. Significantly and negatively associated with income | Not significantly related with PA. Not significantly associated with age employment, or education | NIF | No significant difference | ||
| Lack of access | El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant differences in confirmation frequency of lack of access/safe sporting facilities between Saudi (67.7%, 56.9%) and Egyptian students (61.8%, 52.0%) | NIF | NIF | |
| Abozaid, H. A. and F. M. Farahat (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | NIF | “No Place” was not significantly related to PA | NIF | NIF | ||
| Lack of time | AlQuaiz, A. M. and S. A. Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | Confirmed as a barrier by 82.2% of female respondents | NIF | Not significantly associated with age, education, marital status, or income | NIF | No significance difference | |
| El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | Saudi students (89.9%) experienced significantly more time constraints (and/or other priorities) than Egyptian students (84%) | NIF | NIF | NIF | ||
| Abozaid, H. A. and F. M. Farahat (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significantly related with PA | NIF | NIF | ||
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 15.4% of female respondents | Significantly and positively associated with age (≥ 57), being married, employed, education, and income | No significantly related with PA | Confirmed significantly less frequently by women | NIF | ||
| Lack of social support | AlQuaiz, A. M. and S. A. Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | Confirmed as a barrier by 82.6% of female respondents | NIF | Not significantly associated with age, education, marital status, or income | Confirmed significantly more frequently by women | NIF | |
| El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | Saudi students (24.6) reported significantly more frequently to lack a a person to care for the family while engaging in PA than Egyptian students (16%) | No significant differences in confirmation frequency of lack of friends/social support and encouragement/ objections by parents between Saudi (58.2%, 45.8%, 28,6%) and Egyptian students (57.7%, 53.6%, 25.7%) | NIF | NIF | ||
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27]BMJ Open | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 35.4% of female respondents | NIF | Not significantly related with PA. Not significantly associated with age (≥ 57), being married, employed, education, and income | Confirmed significantly more frequently by female respondents | NIF | ||
| Fear of Injury | AlQuaiz, A. M. and S. A. Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | Confirmed as a barrier by 22.9% of female respondents | Confirmed significantly more frequently by respondents with higher age, education below university level, married, and lower income | NIF | NIF | No significance difference | |
| El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | Saudi students (88.4%) experienced significantly more time constraints (and/or other priorities) than Egyptian students (24.4%) | NIF | NIF | NIF | ||
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 26.3% of female respondents | Significantly and negatively associated with PA. Significantly and negatively associated with age (≥ 57) employment, and education | Not significantly associated with being employed or married | NIF | No significance difference | ||
| Environmental Barriers | El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | “Unsuitable Climate” was reported significantly more frequently by Saudi students (51.5%) than by Egyptian students (4.3%) | NIF | NIF | NIF | |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 13.1% of female respondents | NIF | Not significantly related with PA. Not significantly associated with age (≥ 57), being married employment, education, or income | NIF | NIF | ||
| Perceived Benefits |
Weight Control/ Obesity Prevention |
El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant difference in reporting between Saudi (66.35%) and Egyptian students (64.6%) | NIF | NIF |
| Abozaid, H. A. and F. M. Farahat (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant effect on PA | NIF | NIF | ||
| Maintain health | Abozaid, H. A. and F. M. Farahat (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant effect on PA | NIF | NIF | |
| El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant difference in reporting between Saudi and Egyptian students (72.4%) | NIF | NIF | ||
| Fun and enjoyment | Abozaid, H. A. and F. M. Farahat (2010)[20] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significant effect on PA | NIF | NIF | |
| El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | No significance difference in reporting between Saudi (52.9%) and Egyptian students (48.6%) | NIF | NIF | ||
| Self Efficacy | Lack of will- power | AlQuaiz, A. M. and S. A. Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | Confirmed as a barrier by 78.9% of female respondents | NIF | Not significantly associated with age, education, marital status, or income | NIF | No significant difference |
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 48.6% of female respondents | Significantly and negatively associated with PA. Significantly and negatively associated with income | Not significantly related with PA. Not significantly associated with age (≥ 57), being married, or education | NIF | No significant difference | ||
| Lack of skills | AlQuaiz, A. M. and S. A. Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | Confirmed as a barrier by 44.0% of female respondents | Confirmed significantly more frequently by respondents with education below university level and y respondents with lower income | Not significantly associated with age or marital status | Confirmed significantly more frequently by women | NIF | |
| El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Lack of sport skills/inability to practice sport was not different in reported frequency between Saudi (50,5%,,40.4%) and Egyptian (48.6%, 41.4%) students | NIF | NIF | ||
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 28.3% of female respondents | Significantly and negatively associated with age (≥ 57) employment, and education | Not significantly related with PA. Not significantly associated with being employed or married | Confirmed significantly more frequently by women | NIF | ||
| Lack of energy/power | AlQuaiz, A. M. and S. A. Tayel (2009)[19] | NIF | Confirmed as a barrier by 77.0% of female respondents | NIF | Not significantly associated with age, education, marital status, or income | Confirmed significantly more frequently by women | NIF | |
| El-Gilany, A. H. and R. El-Masry (2012)[21] | NIF | NIF | NIF | Lack of or low physical power/ feeljng tired was not different in reported frequency between Saudi (35.4%) and Egyptian (30.1%) students | NIF | NIF | ||
| Alghafri et al. (2017)[27] | NIF | Reported as a barrier by 16.0% of female respondents | Significantly and positively associated with being employed, and with being educated | Not significantly related with PA. Not significantly associated with age (≥ 57), being married, or income | NIF | No significant difference | ||
aNIF No information found