Table 2.
Odds ratios for the association between chronic conditions and incident depressive symptoms, Thailand, 2015–2017
| Baseline variables | Subcategory | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 45–54 | 1 (Reference) | – |
| 55–64 | 0.83 (0.56–1.22) | ||
| 66–74 | 1.23 (0.85–1.78) | ||
| 75 or more | 1.31 (0.92–1.88) | ||
| Gender | Female | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Male | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | ||
| Education | None | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Elementary | 1.02 (0.60–1.74) | ||
| >Elementary | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | ||
| Marital status | Not married | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Married/cohabiting | 1.37 (0.82–2.27) | ||
| Religion | Muslim or other | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Buddhist | 1.90 (0.90–4.01) | ||
| Subjective economic status | Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Middle | 0.62 (0.43–0.89)** | 0.67 (0.46–0.98)* | |
| High | 0.42 (0.28–0.63)*** | 0.47 (0.31–0.72)*** | |
| Social participation | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 0.63 (0.47–0.85)** | 0.66 (0.49–0.90)** | |
| Alcohol use | Never | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Past | 1.12 (0.71–1.76) | ||
| Current | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | ||
| Smoking (tobacco use) | Never | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Past | 1.04 (0.66–1.63) | ||
| Current | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | ||
| Physical activity | ≥150 min/week | 1 (Reference) | |
| <150 min/week | 1.16 (0.83–1.61) | – | |
| Body mass index | Normal | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Underweight | 0.84 (0.54–1.32) | ||
| Overweight | 0.71 (0.50–1.02) | ||
| Obesity | 0.83 (0.61–1.12) | ||
| Chronic conditions | |||
| Cardiovascular | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 1.34 (1.09–1.65)** | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | |
| Endocrine (diabetes) | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 1.60 (1.18–2.17)** | 1.48 (1.07–2.05)* | |
| Musculoskeletal | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 1.68 (1.10–2.56)* | 1.56 (1.01–2.41)* | |
| Liver or kidney disease | No | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Yes | 1.48 (0.73–3.03) | ||
| Respiratory | No | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 1.63 (0.56–4.73) | ||
| Cancer | No | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 2.23 (0.84–5.59) | ||
| Sensory | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 1.44 (1.04–1.99)* | 1.24 (0.88–1.73) | |
| Neurological | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 3.41 (1.08–10.69)* | 2.47 (0.74–8.25) | |
| Number of chronic conditions | |||
| Chronic conditions | 0 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference)a |
| 1 | 1.38 (1.03–1.84)* | 1.37 (1.02–1.84)* | |
| 2 | 1.67 (1.19–2.35)** | 1.60 (1.13–2.16)** | |
| 3 or more | 2.70 (1.78–4.11)*** | 2.55 (1.67–3.90)*** | |
COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
a.
adjusted for all variables except for individual chronic conditions.
*
P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.