Table 3.
Odds ratios for the association between chronic conditions and persistent depressive symptoms, Thailand, 2015–2017
| Baseline variables | Subcategory | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 45–54 | 1 (Reference) | – |
| 55–64 | 1.10 (0.46–2.64) | ||
| 66–74 | 1.42 (0.60–3.33) | ||
| 75 or more | 1.41 (0.62–3.18) | ||
| Gender | Female | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Male | 0.79 (0.47–1.32) | ||
| Education | None | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Elementary | 1.59 (0.72–3.53) | ||
| >Elementary | 0.96 (0.31–2.98) | ||
| Marital status | Not married | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Married/cohabiting | 1.37 (0.82–2.27) | ||
| Religion | Muslim or other | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Buddhist | 1.90 (0.90–3.01) | ||
| Subjective economic status | Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Middle | 0.52 (0.28–0.96)* | 0.59 (0.30–1.14) | |
| High | 0.39 (0.18–0.86)* | 0.46 (0.21–1.05) | |
| Social participation | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 0.49 (0.28–0.87)* | 0.48 (0.26–0.87)* | |
| Alcohol use | Never | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Past | 0.93 (0.37–2.35) | ||
| Current | 0.39 (0.12–1.32) | ||
| Smoking (tobacco use) | Never | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Past | 1.08 (0.45–2.59) | ||
| Current | 0.67 (0.27–1.64) | ||
| Physical activity | ≥150 min/week | 1 (Reference) | |
| <150 min/week | 0.65 (0.32–1.32) | – | |
| Body mass index | Normal | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Underweight | 0.95 (0.40–2.29) | ||
| Overweight | 0.97 (0.40–2.34) | ||
| Obesity | 1.54 (0.81–2.93) | ||
| Chronic conditions | |||
| Cardiovascular | No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Yes | 1.64 (1.08–2.49)* | 1.55 (1.01–2.39)* | |
| Endocrine (diabetes) | No | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Yes | 1.01 (0.53–1.93) | ||
| Musculoskeletal | No | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 1.85 (0.88–3.89) | ||
| Liver or kidney disease | No | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 0.42 (0.05–3.30) | ||
| Respiratory | No | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Yes | 2.39 (0.43–13.28) | ||
| Cancer | No | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Yes | 1.57 (0.16–15.34) | ||
| Sensory | No | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Yes | 1.66 (0.94–2.96) | ||
| Neurological | No | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Yes | 1.90 (0.36–10.01) | ||
| Number of chronic conditions | |||
| Chronic conditions | 0 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| 1 | 1.72 (0.87–3.40) | 1.74 (0.86–3.52) | |
| 2 | 1.63 (0.77–3.46) | 1.49 (0.68–3.29) | |
| 3 or more | 2.94 (1.33–6.40)** | 2.47 (1.07–5.67)* | |
COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
*
P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.