Table 3.
Path-analysis results for the three original community of inquiry presences, self-regulation, o-regulation, and learning outcomes, with parameters.
| Path | Path coefficient | SE | z | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CR | ||||
| TP | .30 | .140 | 2.14 | .033 |
| SP | .39 | .139 | 2.78 | .005 |
| SR | ||||
| SP | .60 | .063 | 9.39 | .000 |
| CR | .31 | .069 | 4.47 | .000 |
| CP | ||||
| TP | .23 | .069 | 3.29 | .001 |
| SP | .44 | .078 | 5.71 | .000 |
| CR | .11 | .050 | 2.16 | .031 |
| SR | .24 | .061 | 3.92 | .000 |
| PP | ||||
| CR | .19 | .057 | 3.30 | .001 |
| SP | .27 | .114 | 2.33 | .020 |
| CP | .46 | .117 | 3.94 | .000 |
| SAT | ||||
| CP | .54 | .112 | 4.82 | .000 |
| SP | .33 | .114 | 2.91 | .004 |
Note. CP: cognitive presence; TP: teaching presence; SP: social presence; CR: co-regulation; SR: self-regulation; PP: perceived progress; SAT: satisfaction; SE: standard error.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.