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. 2023 May 27;15(1):2205540. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2205540

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 6. — Tonicity agents utilized in formulation of approved HCAPs (n = 46).

The number of products that contain the tonicity agent (n) in parenthesis and the total number of products is 46.

Among the 46 HCAPs, sucrose is the most frequently utilized tonicity agent for HCAP formulation and found in 18 of 46 products. Trehalose can be found in five products. The polyols sorbitol and mannitol were found in four and two products, respectively. Sodium chloride is found in 4 products. Thirteen of the products do not contain a disaccharide, polyol, or sodium chloride as tonicity agent, but some of these products contain amino acids L-arginine, glycine, and L-proline.