Table 2.
Progress of drug regulation of mitophagy in AS.
| Molecule | Model | Treatment | Effects of mitophagy | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melatonin | VSMC | β-GP | Levels of LC3-II/I, p-AMPK, p-ULK1, and Beclin1 increased, and levels of p62 decreased | It enhances mitophagy and inhibits VSMC calcification, apoptosis, and inflammation | (257) |
| VSMC | β-GP | Levels of LC3-II/I and p-AMPK increased, and levels of p62 decreased | It enhances mitophagy, inhibits apoptosis, and attenuates the osteogenic-like phenotype transition of VSMCs | (258) | |
| HUVEC, flap model rat | TBHP | Levels of LC3B-II, PINK1, Parkin, and p-AMPK increased, and levels of p62 decreased | It activates mitophagy and alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis | (227) | |
| RAW264.7, ApoE–/– mice | ox-LDL, HFD | Levels of LC3-II/I and Parkin increased | It activates mitophagy and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation | (259) | |
| Pitavastatin | EPC, ApoE–/– mice | HFD | Levels of LC3B-II, PINK1, and Parkin increased, and levels of p62 decreased | It enhances mitophagy, protects EPC proliferation, and promotes vascular re-endothelialization | (260) |
| Vitamin D | HUVEC | PM2.5 and high glucose | Levels of LC3B, BNIP3, and p62 decreased | It eliminates oxidative stress, inhibits mitophagy, and protects cells | (261) |
| Dexmedetomidine | RAW 264.7 | LPS | Levels of LC3B-II and PINK1 increased | It enhances mitophagy and alleviates apoptosis and inflammation | (262) |
| Liraglutide | HUVEC | High glucose | Levels of LC3B-II, PINK1, and Parkin increased | It enhances mitophagy, reduces endothelial dysfunction, and protects ECs | (232) |
| Rivaroxaban and aspirin | HCAEC | High glucose | Levels of Parkin and PINK1 increased | It enhances mitophagy, inhibits ROS production, and protects ECs | (263) |
| Coenzyme Q10 | HAEC and HUVEC | NRTI | Levels of LC3II/I decreased | It inhibits mitophagy and reduces endothelial dysfunction | (264) |
| RAW264.7 | LPS/ATP | Levels of LC3II/I, Parkin, Beclin1/Bcl-2, and p62 increased | It enhances mitophagy and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation | (265) |
β-GP, β-sodium glycerophosphate; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; HAEC, human aortic endothelial cell; HCAEC, coronary artery endothelial cell; HFD, high-fat diet; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; TBHP, tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide.