. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 30.

Published in final edited form as: J Trauma Stress. 2007 Oct;20(5):833–844. doi: 10.1002/jts.20250

Table 2.

Decomposition of the Standardized Estimates of Childhood Trauma on Psychological Distress and Substance Abuse

Predictor (exogenous) variables	Outcome (endogenous) variables
Predictor (exogenous) variables	Education	Avoidant cope	Substance abuse	Psychological distress
Childhood trauma
Direct	−.19^**	.15^*	.16^*	.37^***
Indirect	—	.03	.11^*	.09^*
Total	−.19^**	.18^*	.27^***	.46^***
Education
Direct	—	−.18^*	−.30^***	—
Indirect	—	—	−.05^*	−.09^*
Total	—	−.18^*	−.35^***	−.09^*
Avoidant cope
Direct	—	—	.27^***	.49^***
Indirect	—	—	—	—
Total	—	—	.27^***	.49^***

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.