Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Patient populations | No-LAAC | LAAC | All patients | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70 629 | 1351 | 71 980 | ||
| Age, mean ± SD | 70 ± 13.1 | 67.5 ± 10.1 | 69.9 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 46.6% | 54.6% | 46.7% | |
| Female | 53.4% | 45.4% | 53.3% | |
| Comorbiditiesb | ||||
| Hypertension | 82.1% | 82.8% | 82.1% | 0.678 |
| Diabetes | 28.4% | 27.2% | 28.4% | 0.449 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 56.1% | 64.9% | 56.3% | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 57.5% | 51.0% | 57.4% | 0.001 |
| Prior PCI | 7.5% | 7.3% | 7.4% | 0.843 |
| Prior CABG | 4.9% | 3.2% | 4.8% | 0.030 |
| Stroke/TIA | 12.3% | 12.6% | 12.3% | 0.800 |
| Chronic lung disease | 30.4% | 21.6% | 30.2% | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 30.5% | 22.1% | 30.3% | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 5.9% | 5.7% | 5.9% | 0.843 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 25.4% | 23.8% | 25.4% | 0.368 |
| Tobacco use disorder | 27.9% | 35.7% | 28.1% | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 11.2% | 28.3% | 11.5% | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 21.4% | 27.7% | 21.6% | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 6.2% | 1.3% | 5.2% | <0.001 |
| Anaemia | 6.4% | 5.9% | 6.4% | 0.560 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 3.9 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 5 (4–7) | 6 (4–7) | 0.272 | |
| Concurrent procedures | ||||
| Myectomy | 2.2% | 19.5% | 2.57% | |
| CABG | 1.5% | 18.5% | 1.84% | |
| Transcatheter aortic valve replacement | 0.5% | <0.8% | <0.51% | |
| Surgical aortic valve replacement | 1.6% | 19.4% | 1.9% | |
| Mitral valve surgery | 2.1% | 40.1% | 2.8% | |
| Pulmonary valve surgery | <0.02% | <0.8% | <0.1% | |
| Tricuspid valve surgery | 0.2% | 4.7% | 0.3% | |
| Atrioventricular septal closure | 0.2% | 3.0% | 0.3% | |
| Primary payer | <0.001 | |||
| Private/self | 22.9% | 31.8% | 23.1% | |
| Medicare/Medicaid | 77.1% | 68.3% | 76.9% | |
| Hospital size | <0.001 | |||
| Small/medium | 40.9% | 22.1% | 40.6% | |
| Large | 59.1% | 77.9% | 59.4% | |
| Teaching hospitalc | <0.001 | |||
| Non-teaching | 24.2% | 14.2% | 24.0% | |
| Teaching | 75.8% | 85.9% | 76.0% | |
| Hospital location | 0.169 | |||
| Non-urban | 40.3% | 36.8% | 40.2% | |
| Urban | 59.7% | 63.2% | 59.8% | |
| Income per zip code | 0.068 | |||
| 0–25th | 23.3% | 20.7% | 23.2% | |
| 26–50th | 25.3% | 27.0% | 25.4% | |
| 51 = 75th | 26.0% | 22.8% | 25.9% | |
| 76–100th | 24.1% | 27.6% | 24.2% |
Values are mean ± SD or %.
The P-value comparing LAAC to no-LAAC.
International classification of diseases-10th revision codes was used to identify respective comorbidities as per Supplementary material online, Table S2. The bed size cut-off points divided into small, medium, and large have been done so that approximately one-third of the hospitals in a given region, location, and teaching status combination would fall within each bed size category (https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_bedsize/nrdnote.jsp).
A hospital is considered to be a teaching hospital if it has an American Medical Association–approved residency programme (https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_ur_teach/nrdnote.jsp.).
CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; IQR, interquartile range; LAAC, left atrial appendage closure; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.