Fig. 1.

Profiles of swallowing safety (A) and efficiency (C) in this cohort of 30 individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Swallowing safety classifications were derived using the validated Penetration-Aspiration Scale ‘PAS’ [21] (Safe: ≤2; Penetrators: 3–5; Aspirators: 6–8). Swallowing efficiency profiles were determined using the residue subcomponent of the Analysis of Swallowing Physiology: Events, Kinematics, Timing method [29] (Efficient: worst total residue <3%; Inefficient: worst total residue ≥3%). The frequency of PAS scores and worst residue percent ranges across participants are also depicted in Figure 3B and Figure 3D, respectively.